manities, and 10 are for an administration office which will serve both endowments. Average employment of permanent staff in fiscal year 1966 is estimated to total 40 man-years.

The planned organizational structure reflects the requirements of each endowment to plan and administer the programs necessary to carry out the objectives of the National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities Act of 1965.

National Councils on the Arts and the Humanities.-In each of the endowments there is established a National Council composed of the Chairman of the Endowment, who is Chairman of the Council, and 26 other members appointed by the President from private life on the basis of distinguished service and scholarship or creativity. The Council advises the Chairman with respect to policies, programs, and procedures and reviews applications for financial support and makes recommendations thereon. Under the act, each Council is required to meet at least twice in each calendar year and more often at the discretion of the Chairman. Council members, other than the Chairman, are compensated at the rate of $75 per day when engaged in the business of the Council. The estimate for fiscal year 1966 provides for two 3-day meetings of each Council, and for meetings of standing and special committees.

Consultants.-The Chairman of each endowment is authorized to employ experts and consultants to assist him and the Council in carrying out the program of the endowment. The estimate provides for the compensation of such consultants based on an average rate of $64.50 per day for approximately 400 days of consultation for each endowment in fiscal year 1966.

Personnel benefits

This estimate covers contributions to the civil service retirement fund, social security, health and life insurance plans under applicable laws and is computed on the planned employment of staff members covered by the various plans. Travel

In order to carry out the purposes of the National Founation on the Arts and Humanities Act of 1965, staff travel is essential to maintain contact with institutions and groups concerned with the arts and humanities, including private philanthropic foundations, colleges and universities, professional associations, community arts councils and others. Funds are also provided for members of the Councils on the Arts and on the Humanities to attend council meetings or for other business of the endowments, and for the travel expenses of consultants. Rents and communications

The estimate provides $32,000 for the rental of 12,800 square feet of office space, in the District of Columbia, for 6 months in fiscal year 1966.

The amount of $36,000 is estimated for telephone, telegraph, and postal services, based on the experience of other Federal agencies.

Printing and reproduction

The estimate provides for the publication of program brochures and announcements by which applicants will be advised of the nature of the Foundation's various programs, program schedules and requirements, and for reports and other documents necessary to carry out the work of the Foundation, including publication of annual reports as required or authorized by law.

Other services

An amount of $160,000 is provided for contracts with professional associations and universities for services connected with the preliminary screening of proposal applications and for data gathering and processing services. It is considered that this will be more economical than to provide sufficient permanent staff to accomplish this work. Funds are also provided for repairs to machines, arts and photographic work, and other contractual services. In addition, it is planned to obtain certain administrative support services from the General Services Administration, such as payroll processing and messenger services.

Supplies and materials

The estimate provides for office supplies and other materials required for the operations of the Foundation and is based on the experience of other Federal agencies. Funds are included for the purchase of newspapers, periodicals, and other publications.

Equipment

Funds are required for office furnishings, typewriters, transcription and dictation machines, desk-top calculators and adding machines, filing and other equipment required for the planned staff. The estimate is based on the experience of similar agencies in their first year of operation.

Mr. DENTON. Mr. Stevens, the committee will be pleased to hear your statement at this time.

Mr. STEVENS. The creation of the National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities under President Johnson's administration and this session of the Congress gives recognition to the fact that the encouragement and support of national progress and scholarship in the humanities and the arts, while primarily a matter for private and local initiative, is also an appropriate matter of concern to the Federal Government. As President Johnson has said this act could be the most memorable of all the accomplishments of this 89th Congress. The programs established under this Foundation promise to enrich the lives of every American in every State in future years.

It is precisely this word "enrichment" in all its meanings that is the heart of this Foundation. For over 10 years private and public agencies, whose concern is the public good, have pointed to the growing interest of our people in the enriching opportunities available to them through the arts and humanities and at the same time showed deep concern about the lack of support and the need for higher standards of excellence. The creation, under this Foundation, of endowments for the arts and the humanities will do much to stimulate other resources of support and encourage the enhancement of life. This is more than an appropriate matter for our Federal Government, it is in keeping with our oldest tradition of concern for excellence in all human enterprises.

We have always struggled for excellence. Our Constitution is a model for more governments than any other similar document. The excellence of our economic and industrial system has made us the most affluent nation of all times. Our health and welfare programs have constantly been improved and modified until we stand among the leading nations of the world in terms of a humane government. When our scientific preeminence was challenged, we immediately set out to overcome our shortcomings and we have succeeded beyond expectations.

Now we have taken basic and important action in developing the life-enriching arts and humanities. Though we are the last nation of the Western tradition to take such action, and though we have chosen a more difficult method of approach, our history tells us that we will not be satisfied until America is the admitted leader of the world in the arts and scholarship as we are in technology, affluence, and social progress. This law, Public Law 89-209, marks the beginning of the challenge to bring inner enrichment to every citizen of our country.

The programs outlined for the endowment for the arts are all aimed at increasing the excellence of American artistic productivity and increasing the opportunities of our citizens to experience personal enrichment through the arts. The guiding method for accomplishing these goals is the persistant use of projects which either require or stimulate financial support from sources other than the Federal Government. Examples of the kinds of programs we would like to undertake which follow these guidelines of increasing distribution of the arts and stimulating private support are given here as an explanation of our intended methods.

Under the provision of Public Law 89-209 authorizing grants-in-aid programs to individuals and nonprofit organizations, two proposals come to mind. The first is a "small grants program for creative artists" which would have a number of different categories within its structure. This program will spend the majority of funds provided to stimulate colleges and universities to grant half-year sabbaticals to painters, sculptors, poets, composers, and other creative artists associated with the institution. The endowment for the arts will match equally funds provided by the institutions; the total amount granted the individual would be equal to his regular salary. The purpose is to alleviate the creative artist's greatest problem which is sufficient time for creation under the circumstances of teaching in order to provide income for himself and his family.

Another acute problem of the creative artist is the necessary expense of preparing his work for his public market. The small grants program will provide funds to help overcome this burden. As an example, the average commission for a new musical composition is $2,000. The composer often pays as much as $1,500 for the costs of copying and preparing his work for the orchestra.

Altogether there are seven or eight types of small grant categories contemplated for the working creative artist who has not as yet reached success. These programs are based on studies and recommendations of the National Council on the Arts.

Another program which is small in cost but of significant value to the institutions of the arts in the Nation, is a technical assistance program administered by the national associations of arts organizations.

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With over 1,400 symphony orchestras, well over 4,000 museums, nearly 5,000 community theaters, and several hundred opera and ballet companies presently in existence, it is obvious that effective administrators and programs of information exchange and publication have not developed rapidly in the last 20 years of phenomenal growth. This program will be formed on the basis of matching funds from the national associations of arts organizations and provide field services of practical value to every institution requesting such aid. Each national association, such as the American Symphony Orchestra League, or Arts Councils of America, would establish its own unique program of service cooperatively with the National Endowment for the Arts. This program is also based on recommendations of the National Council on the Arts.

The national council has also conducted a survey of the distribution of professional performances among the cities of the United States. Though the final compilation is not as yet complete, the preliminary facts should bring concern to every American. For example, of the 771 cities of the country with populations of 25,000 or more, only 131 cities have had an opportunity of hearing at least 1 professional orchestra in the past 3 years: 157 of these cities have had an opportunity of seeing professional theater, but far fewer have ever had opera, ballet, or traveling exhibitions of fine paintings offered their citizens. Less than half of our population live in cities of 25,000 or more, and therefore far less than half of our people have had an opportunity to enjoy any of the arts at the professional level. Meanwhile, the majority of our artists find it impossible to practice their art as a full-time profession, because the income afforded them is not large enough to sustain a family.

It is to this situation that the National Endowment for the Arts will address a large share of its attention. The sponsorship of tours of performing arts organizations into cities and towns which have seldom had such opportunities is a high-priority project. The encouragement of regional institutions of the arts is another approach to better distribution of opportunities. The eventual development of national companies in the performing arts as national treasures is a continuing project, as President Johnson said when he signed the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities into law.

The National Endowment for the Humanities has not had an opportunity for study and recommendations through a national council as have the arts. Therefore programs must remain tentative until the Chairman has been appointed by the President.

Nevertheless a tentative program can be based on the consensus of needs as expressed by learned societies in the fields of the humanities in the report of the Commission on the Humanities which was sponsored by the American Council of Learned Societies, the Council of Graduate Schools in the United States, and the United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa. This report, together with the testimony of scholars and educational administrators, also forms the basis of the statement of purpose and scope of activity in section 7 of the National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities Act of 1965.

The following major program areas are herewith proposed:

1. Grants and fellowships to individuals for research and study.-In the field of the humanities most of the creative activity and research

is carried on by individuals working alone. Furthermore, the majority of the scholars in the humanities are also on the faculties of our universities and colleges. In order to promote research it is therefore necessary to provide fellowships and grants for which individual scholars may apply, these fellowships and grants to be used in various ways, i.e., to provide free time necessary for research and writing, to provide the materials which a scholar needs to accomplish his research, and to enable the scholar to travel to libraries and other places where his data is located.

On the basis of the experience of organizations such as the American Council of Learned Societies, the following types of research grants are needed by the humanistic scholars of the country:

Postdoctoral fellowships for scholars at various stages of their careers those who have recently received their doctoral degrees, scholars in their middle years, and older people as well.

Short-term grants for summer research.

Fellowships and grants offered by the endowment should be on a competitive basis, with selections recommended by advisory panels of competent scholars. In addition to general programs there will undoubtedly be others designed to foster the development of fields having a particular priority, as, for instance, selected areas and cultures of the world or research development in new fields and disciplines (like linguistics) or the use of modern techniques in humanistic research.

2. Grants in support of the publication of scholarly works in the humanities.-Publication of the results of scholarly research is no less important than research itself, for the dissemination of knowledge is the key to learning. A survey of the needs of scholarly publication made in the late 1950's found several kinds of manuscripts which remained unpublished regardless of merit-the scholarly article, the manuscript which will have a very limited sale because it is addressed to a select and restricted audience, and the manuscript for which composition cost will be high because it uses symbols, foreign languages, or illustrations.

Almost every learned society reporting to the Commission on the Humanities set forth in specific and categorical terms the needs for support of publication programs. There were reports of journals that turn away eight or nine articles for every one they publish; in acheology, architectural history, and Biblical literature costs are rising enormously; area specialists need funds for new journals and more adequate funding for existing ones; the musicologists find the situation critical with respect to "books, monographs, and editions"; and after 10 years of effort the Renaissance Society of America reports that it has "barely enough in the publication fund to publish one volume" in its proposed series of edited texts of significant Renaissance works. The need is evident, and it is being compounded by the tendency of private resources to reduce its previous level of support, because scholarly publication ventures constitute a continuing drain on funds that ought to be used for experimentation and initial develop

ment.

3. Grants to institutions for the development of the humar ties.The endowment will unquestionably establish programs which will assist universities, colleges, and other nonprofit organizations to develop and improve humanistic teaching and research. The endowment