more especially on his rejection of the title of King: but in what follows, in the manly tone of advice and exhortation in which Cromwell is addressed, in the energetic display of those acts against which the writer so strenuously cautions the man who then stood at the helm of the state, so far is sycophancy from being dicoverable, that suspicion is rather betrayed lestCromwell should adopt the line of conduct which is here so pathetically deprecated. Is not this view of the matter justified by the subsequent paragraphs in this address; which, for the sake of brevi y, we quote only in Dr. Symmons's translation?

"Proceed then, O Cromwell! and exhibit, under every circumstance, the same loftiness of mind; for it becomes you and is consistent with your greatness. The redeemer, as you are, of your country, the author, the guardian, the preserver of her liberty, you can assume no additional character more important or more august: since not only the actions of our kings, but the fabled exploits of our heroes are overcome by your achievements. Reflect, then, frequently, how dear alike the trust, and the parent from whom you have received it!) that to your hands your country has commended and confided her freedom; that, what she lately expected from her choicest representatives, she now hopes only from you. O reverence this high confidence, this hope of your country relying exclusively upon yourself: reverence the countenances and the wounds of those brave men, who have so nobly struggled for liberty under your auspices, as well as the manes of those who have fallen in the conflict: reverence, also, the opinion and the discourse of foreign communities; their lofty anticipation with respect to our freedom so valiantly obtained-to our republic so gloriously established, of which the speedy extinction would involve us in the deepest and the most unexampled infamy: reverence, finally, yourself! and suffer not that liberty, for the attainment of which you have encountered so many perils and have endured so many hardships, to sustain any violation from your own hands, or any from those of others. Without our freedom, in fact, you cannot yourself be free; for it is justly ordained by nature that he, who invades the liberty of others, shall, in the very outset lose his own, and be the first to feel that servitude which he has induced. But if the very patron, the tutelary Deity, as it were, of freedom; if the man, the most eminent for justice, and sanctity, and general excellence should assail that liberty which he has asserted, the issue must necessarily be pernicious, if not fatal, not only to the aggressor, but to the entire system and interests of piety berself: honour and virtue would, indeed, appear to be empty names; the credit and character of religion would decline and perish under a wound more deep than any, which, since the first transgression, had been inflicted on the race of man.

"You have engaged in a most arduous undertaking, which will search you to the quick; which will scrutinize you through and through; which will bring to the severest test your spirit, your energy, your stability; which will ascertain whether you are really actuated by that living piety, and honour, and equity, and modera

tion which seem, with the favour of God, to have raised you to your present high dignity. To rule with your counsels three mighty realms; in the place of their erroneous institutions to substitute a sounder system of doctrine and of discipline; to pervade their remotest provinces with unremitting attention, and anxiety, vigilance and foresight; to decline no labours, to yield to no blandishments of pleasure; to spurn the pageantries of wealth and of power-these are difficulties in comparison with which those of war are the mere levities of play: these will sift and winnow you; these demand a man sustained by the divine assistance, tutored and instructed almost by a personal communication with his God. These and more than these you often, as I doubt not, revolve and make the subjects of your deepest meditation; greatly solicitous how, most happily, they may be achieved, and your country's freedom be strengthened and secured: and these objects you cannot, in my judgment, otherwise effect than by admitting, as you do, to an intimate share of your counsels those men, who have already participated your toils and your dangers ;-men of the utmost moderation, integrity, and valour; not rendered savage or austere by the sight of so much bloodshed and of so many forms of death; but inclined to justice, to the reverence of the Deity, to a sympathy with human suffering, and animated for the preservation of liberty with a zeal strengthened by the hazards which, for its sake, they have encountered; men not raked together from the dregs of our own or of a foreign populace-not a band of mercenary adventurers, but men chiefly of superior condition; in extraction, noble or reputable; with respect to property, considerable or competent, or, in some instances, deriving a stronger claim to our regard, even from their poverty itself; men, not convened by the lust of plunder, but, in times of extreme difficulty, amid circumstances generally doubtful and often almost desperate, excited to vindicate their country from oppression; and prompt, not only in the safety of the senate-house to wage the war of words, but to join battle with the enemy on the field. If we will then renounce the idleness of never-ending and fallacious expectation, I see not in whom, if not in these, and in such as these, we can place reliance or trust. Of their FIDELITY we have the surest and most indisputable proof in the readiness which they have discovered even to die, if it had been their lot, in the cause of their country; of their PIETY, in the devotion with which, having repeatedly and successfully im- · plored the protection of Heaven, they uniformly ascribed the glory to Him from whom they had solicited the victory; of their JUSTICE, in their not exempting even their king from trial or from execution; of their MODERATION, in our own experience and in the certainty, that if their violence should disturb the peace, which they have established, they would themselves be the first to feel the resulting mischiefs, themselves would receive the first wounds in their own bodies, while they were again doomed to struggle for all their fortunes and honours now happily secured; of their FORTITUDE, lastly, in that none ever recovered their liberty with more bravery or effect, to give us the assurance that none will ever watch over it with more solicitous attention and care."

The

The conclusion is also strikingly applicable to Milton's own conduct in those times:

"For myself, whatever may be the final result, such efforts as, in my own judgment, were the most likely to be beneficial to the commonwealth, I have made without reluctance, though not, as I trust, without effect: I have wielded my weapons for liberty not only in our domestic scene, but on a far more extensive theatre; that the justice and the principle of our extraordinary actions, explained and vindicated both at home and abroad, and rooted in the general approbation of the good, might be unquestionably established, as well for the honour of my compatriots as for precedents to posterity. That the conclusion prove not unworthy of such a commencement, be it my countrymen's to provide it has been mine to deliver a testimony, I had almost said to erect a monument which will not soon decay, to deeds of greatness and of glory almost transcending human panegyric; and if I have accomplished nothing further, I bave assuredly discharged the whole of my engagement. As the bard, however, who is denominated Epic, if he contine his work a little within certain canons of composition, proposes to himself, for a subject of poetical embellishment, not the whole life of his hero but some single action; such as the wrath of Achilles, the return of Ulysses, or the arrival in Italy of Æneas; and takes no notice of the rest of his conduct; so will it suffice, either to form my vindication or to satisfy my duty, that I have recorded, in heroic narrative, one only of my fellow-citizen's achievements. The rest I omit; for who can declare all the actions of an entire people? If, after such valiant exploits, you fall into gross delinquency; and perpetrate any thing unworthy of yourselves, posterity will not fail to discuss and to pronounce sentence on the disgraceful deed. The foundation, they will allow, indeed, to have been firmly laid, and the first (nay more than the first parts of the superstructure to have been erected with success; but with anguish they will regret that there were none found to carry it forward to completion; that such an enterprize and such virtues were not crowned by perseverance; that a rich harvest of glory and abundant materials for heroic achievement were prepared; but that men were wanting to the illustrious opportunity - while there wanted not a man to instruct, to urge, to stimulate to action,—a man who could call fame as well upon the acts as the actors, and could spread their celebrity and their names over lands and seas to the admiration of all future ages."

Dr. Symmons closes with a summary of Milton's character, which is indeed finely drawn, but (we think) too highly wrought and too strongly coloured. A believer in the story of the Admirable Chrichton could not more brilliantly decorate his

hero.

This Life was written for the purpose of being affixed to a handsome edition of Milton's Prose works, in seven volumes 8vo.; and the whole of his labours clearly proves that Dr.

Symmons's

Symmons's zeal for Milton has induced him not merely to vindicate the poet from his principal enemies, Dr. Johnson and Mr. Thomas Warton, but to give them in return a Rowland for their Oliver.

ART. XII. An Essay on Respiration. Part First and Second. By John Bostock, M.D. 8vo. pp. 275. 6s. Boards. Longman

and Co.

No part of Physiology has undergone a more complete revolution within these few years, than the doctrines which relate to Respiration. From the discoveries of chemistry, which have thrown so much lustre on the Philosophy of the present day, nearly all the knowlege which we possess concerning this function is derived; and instead of the vague and limited uses formerly ascribed to it, we now find that through its means some of the most important changes are effected in the animal œconomy, and that it is intimately connected with several processes of the first consequence to health and life. We are happy, therefore, to notice, in the present work, a general and very correct and perspicous view of the present state of our knowlege on this subject. We regard the detailed examination of one particular function as the most likely mode of elucidating it; and while we give the author credit for the industry and judgment which he has exercised in this essay, we would express our hopes that he will carry on the plan which he has proposed to himself, of extending his views to the Pathology of respiration, to the different affections in the various natural situations in which the body is placed, and to the connection. which exists between this and other functions. The field is ample and interesting, and we have no doubt of Dr. Bostock's abilities for cultivating it.

An account of the process of Respiration occupies the first part of this volume, and it is preceded by a description of the human organs destined for this purpose, with their mechanism. The author then extends his inquiry to a critical examination of the different accounts which have been given by various Physiologists of the bulk of a single inspiration, and the capacity of the thorax in its different states of distension. He considers the experiments of Drs. Goodwyn and Menzies as the most successful on these points; and he agrees with the latter in thinking that about 40 cubic inches are discharged at an ordinary, and with the former, that about 109 cubic inches are left in the lungs after a complete expiration. Dr. Menzies supposes that about 70 cubic inches can be discharged from the lungs after an ordinary expiration; and therefore by adding

109 to 70, he concludes that 179 cubic inches are the capa city of the lungs after an ordinary expiration, and that 179 added to 40 (the bulk of an ordinary expiration,) give 219 as the capacity of the lungs after an ordinary inspiration. Dr. Bostock is of opinion that nearly double the quantity which Dr. Menzies supposes, or about 131 instead of 70 cubic inches, can be discharged by a powerful effort, after an ordinary expiration; and that therefore 280 cubic inches form the capacity of the lungs in their natural state of inspiration. From these data, he estimates that by each ordinary expiration part of the whole contents of the lungs is discharged, and that by the most violent expiration, somewhat more than 4 of the air contained in them is evacuated. Supposing that each respiration occupies about 3 seconds, a bulk of air nearly equal to three times the whole contents of the lungs will be expelled in a minute, or about 4114 times their bulk in 24 hours. The quantity of air respired, during the diurnal period, will be 1,152,000 cubic inches, or 666 cubic feet.

With regard to the cause of the first inspiration, the author supposes, with considerable appearance of truth, that when the position of the animal is changed (as it must be) after birth, a considerable pressure is taken off from the thorax and abdomen, the elasticity of the cartilages raises the ribs, and the abdominal viscera descend; by all which means, the capacity of the lungs is enlarged; and the air rushes in spontaneously to supply the void. He thinks that the alternation of inspiration and expiration depends on a certain power which the blood acquires, when it has remained some time in the pulmonary vessels without the access of fresh air, of stimulating the diaphragm, and thus making room, by its contraction, for the external air to rush in; while, on the other hand, when the blood has undergone the necessary change, and the state which caused the contraction of the diaphragm no longer exists, this muscle relaxes, and expiration ensues. This opinion appears to us to be rather hypothetical; and we do not perceive that much is gained by laying aside, in reasoning on this subject, the consideration that respiration is a function under the influence of the will. It is true that, in ordinary circumstances, we are insensible to any uneasy sensation in the means of continuing respiration, and therefore are not intitled to infer that the cause of the alternation of respiration is to avoid such unpleasant feeling: but at the same time it may be remarked, that the limits of ordinary respiration are closely contiguous to those of uneasy sensation; and that from the number of instances of associated motions, which take place before consciousness exists, we cannot altogether set aside the idea that nature has

wisely