.

Plata, from which it is separated by the river Uruguay. Chief town? Monte Video, on the N. bank of the Rio de la Plata.

BUENOS AYRES.-Buenos Ayres, for the most part a dead treeless level, lies? To the S.E. of La Plata, and is separated from Banda Oriental by the Rio de la Plata. Its principal city? Buenos Ayres, on the S. bank of the Rio de la Plata estuary.

CHILI.-Where is Chili? In the S.W. of S. America, between La Plata and the Pacific. The general aspect of the country? It consists chiefly of the western declivities of the Andes which, here, form one enormous rocky ridge, 80 miles broad, from 100 to 200 miles distant from the Pacific. The capital of Chili? Santiago, E. from Valparaiso (1),—its principal seaport—about the centre of its coast line. The two next most important seaports are? Coquimbo, to the N., on a river of the same name; and Conception, to the S., on the Bio'bio (the principal river of the country). And near the southern extremity of Chili is the (once strongly fortified) harbour of? Valdivia, at the mouth of the Valdivia. The district to the S. of the Biobio is called? Araucania. Inhabited by the Araucanian tribe of Indians (nominally under the sway of the Chilians, but in reality independent), whose chief settlement is? Osorno (inland, in the S.)

PATAGONIA. -Patagonia is? The southernmost division of the South American Continent. The general aspect of the country? It rises in successive bleak and barren terraces, from the Atlantic (in the E.), towards the Andes (in the W.), which here stoop suddenly and precipitously into the Pacific. Their base being skirted by? Numerous high and rocky islands.

ISLANDS. (Besides Juanes or Marjo-see Brazil) the principal islands accounted South American are? The Galapagos, W. from (and belonging to) Ecuador (on the equator); Juan Fernandez, W. from Valparaiso (of which it is a dependency); the numerous islands that lie off the W. coast of Patagonia, of which the chief are Chiloe, Wellington, and Adelaide; the Falkland Islands, E. from

the southernmost part of Patagonia; and the Fuegian (fwa) group, of which the chief are Tierra del Fuego (to the E.), the Land of Desolation (to the N.W.), and Staten Land (to the S.E., separated from the main body of the Archipelago by the Straits of Le Maire), separated from Patagonia by the Straits of Magellan. Cape Horn is (the southernmost projection of) the southernmost island of ? The Fuegian Archipelago.

AUSTRALASIA.

Besides Australia, Van Diemen's Land, and New Zea-' land, Australasia consists chiefly of (the Islands between the Equator and Southern Tropic; and between 130 degs. and 170 degs. E. Long., of which the chief are)? Papua or New Guinea, to the N. of Australia, from which it is separated by Torres Strait; the Arroo Isles and Timorlaut, to the S.W., and New Britain, New Ireland, and Solomon's Isles, to the E., of Papua; the Louisiade Archipelago, E. from Torres Strait; the New Hebrides (most noted, Erromango), E. from the northern part of Australia; and New Caledonia, S. by W. from the New Hebrides. The general aspect of these Islands? Mountainous for the most part, but they have been but little explored.

POLYNESIA.

The numerous islands scattered over the surface of the Pacific, and comprehended chiefly within a belt, extending 30 degs. N. and S. from the Equator, are termed collectively? Polynesia. Of the Polynesian Isles, the most noted groups to the N. of the Equator, are? The Ladrones or Marian, and (S. from these) the Caroline (including the Pelew) Isles, E. of the Philippines; and the Sandwich Islands, in 20 degs. N. lat. and 155 degs. W. Long. The principal of the Sandwich group being? Hawaii' (wï'-ē) or Owhyhee'. But the chief town, Honolûlû, is situated in the island? Woahoo-to the N.W. of Hawaii'. The

most noted of the Polynesian groups to the S. of the Equator? The Feejee' Isles, to the E. of the New Hebrides; the Friendly or Tonga Isles (chief island, Tonga or Tongataboo) to the S.E., and the Sam'oan or Navigators' Isles to the N.E.-of the Feejees; the Society Isles in about 150 degs. W. long.; and the Marque'sas to the N.E. of the Society Isles. The chief of the Society Islands? Tahi'ti or Otaheite. The capital of which is? Papie'te. Where is Pitcairn's Island? In about 25 degs. S. lat. and 130 degs. W. long. The general aspect of the Polynesian Islands? The Sandwich, Society, and Marquesas Islands, are of volcanic origin-rugged and lofty; but the other groups are almost entirely of coral formation, rising only a few feet above the surface of the sea.

N.B.-In the following Table, Mon. denotes Monarchy; and the subjoined parenthesis the designation of the Sovereign; Hindostan comprehends the whole of the Peninsula of Hindostan, together with the British possessions in Further India; Asiatic Russia includes Transcaucasia; the Asiatic Islands comprehend the Sunda chain, Borneo, Celebez, and the Philippine Islands; Mexico includes Yucatan; and Oceanica comprehends both Australasia and Polynesia.

S. America.

N. America.

Africa.

SYNOPTICAL TABLE OF ASIA, AFRICA, AMERICA, AND OCEANICA.

OUTLINE

OF

ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY.

EUROPA.

HISPANIA V. HISPANIÆ.

BOTH Spain and Portugal were anciently included under the general name? Hispania, or, -æ. Originally divided by the Romans into? Hispania Citerior, and Hispania Ulterior. Hispania Ulterior was afterwards divided into? Lusitania and Boetica. Lusitania corresponding loosely to? Modern Portugal. And Boetica? To Andalusia and Granada. And Hispania Citerior, which comprehended all the rest of the peninsula, was afterwards called? Hispania Tarraconensis. The mountains separating Hispania from Gallia were? The Pyrenæi Montes. The more remarkable promontories of Hispania were? Promontorium Magnum (the Rock of Lisbon); Promontorium Sacrum (Cape St. Vincent); Promontorium Junonis (Cape Trafalgar); and Calpe (Gibraltar), which, with the promontory Abyla (Ceuta) on the African side of the Fretum Gaditanum, were called the Pillars of Hercules. Principal rivers of Hispania ? The Minius, the Durius, the Tagus, the Anas (Guadiana), and the Boetis (Guadalquivir), flowing into the Atlantic; and the Ibērus (whence the whole Peninsula was sometimes called Iberia), flowing into the Mediterranean.