gether with Polynesia, are supposed to contain of additional area ? About 1,000,000 square miles. And, including the Aborigines of Australia, of additional population? About a million and a half. The superficial area of Continental Europe is about 3 millions of square miles; and, if we assume this as the unit of measurement, the approximate relative areas of the Five Great Continents will be as follows:Europe, 1; Asia, 44; Africa, 34; America, 4; and Australasia, 1. And if we assume the population of the globe to amount, in round numbers, to 1200 millions; of these there may be about 325 millions of Christians; 5 millions of Jews; 170 millions of Mohammedans; and the remaining 700 millions idolaters. Of the Christians, again, 170 millions may be Roman Catholics, 75 millions Protestants, and 80 millions of the Greek Church. These various estimates, however, as to the area, population, and religious distinctions of the whole world, can only be regarded as loose approximations. NAMES OF THE POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE. Countries or The political divisions of the Earth are? States; Empires; Kingdoms; Republics; Principalities ; Duchies; Grand Duchies; Electorates; Landgraviates; etc., etc. A Country or State is? A portion of land inhabited by a particular people. An Empire consists of? Several countries united under one sovereign, who is usually styled an Emperor. A Kingdom consists of? One or more countries governed by a King or Queen. A Republic is? A country governed by rulers chosen by the people. A Principality is? A country governed by a Prince. A Duchy is? A country governed by a Duke. A Grand Duchy is ? A country governed by a Grand Duke. An Electorate is? A country governed by an Elector. And a Landgraviate is? A country governed by a Landgrave. The British Islands. Where are the British Islands? West from the cen tral part of Continental Europe. The two principal of them? Great Britain and Ireland (between 50 and 59 degs. N. lat., and 2 degs. E. and 10 degs. W. long.) How is Great Britain bounded? On the S. by the English Channel (which separates it from France); on the E., by the German Ocean (which separates it from the central part of Continental Europe); on the N., N.W., and S.W., by the Atlantic Ocean and on the W., by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St. George's Channel (which separate it from Ireland). How is Ireland bounded? On the N., W., and S., by the Atlantic; and on the E., by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St. George's Channel. Great Britain consists of two parts-viz.? The Northern called Scotland, and the Southern called England—comprehending England (proper) and Wales. The general aspect of England and Wales? England is flat in the E., and mountainous in the N.W.; but the rest of the country presents, for the most part, a beautifully varied and gently undulating surface; whilst Wales consists almost entirely of ranges of wild and lofty mountains, and may be regarded as the Highlands of England. What as to the soil and climate of England and Wales? They contain some upland moors of considerable extent, and the mountain ranges are comparatively barren, but the soil is, in general, rich and highly cultivated, whilst the climate is humid and variable, but less subject to the extremes of heat and cold than the corresponding latitudes of Continental Europe. The general aspect of Scotland ? Of Scotland, which Sir Walter Scott apostrophizes as Caledonia! stern and wild, Meet nurse for a poetic child! Land of brown heath and shaggy wood, the Highlands consist, chiefly, of lofty and rugged mountains, interspersed with numerous lakes; and many parts even of the Lowlands consist of extensive moors and wild and heath-clad hills. And what as to soil and climate ? Scotland contains some extensive and comparatively level districts of great fertility, and which are farmed with great skill; but the country is, in general, bleak and unproductive; and the climate being colder and still more humid than that of England, the crops, in consequence, are considerably later. The general aspect of Ireland? The surface of Ireland is less rugged than that of Scotland, but more varied and undulating than that of England. And what as to soil and climate? Nearly one-tenth of its surface is occupied by bogs, but the soil is, in general, fertile, though miserably farmed; and the climate of Ireland, milder, more equable, and still more humid than that of either England or Scotland, imparts to its scenery a freshness and verdure that have obtained for it the appellation of the Green or Emerald Isle. ENGLAND. Of England-South Britain, including Wales-(between 50 and 56 degs. N. lat.; and 2 degs. E. and 6 degs. W. long.) the most noted promontories are—in the N.E.? Flamborough Head and Spurn Head. In the S.E.? North and South Foreland. In the N.W. ? St. Bees' Head. On the Welsh Coast? Holyhead and St. David's Head. Those marking, respectively, the northern and southern outward limits of Bristol Channel? St. Gowen's Head and Hartland Point. The most noted Headlands projecting into the English Channel are? Dunge Ness, Beechy Head, Selsea Bill, St. Alban's Head, Portland Point, Start Point, and Lizard Point. And the southwesternmost point of England is called? Land's End. Of Bays or Friths the most noted are,-on the E. side? The Humber, the Wash (a collection of mud banks, many of them dry at low water, the two principal channels of which the N.W. and S.E.-are called respectively the Deeps of Boston and Lynn:-and inland from, and around which, is an extensive flat, and formerly marshy, district called the Fens, comprehending portions of Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, Huntingdonshire, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, and Suffolk; the greater part of which, about 400,000 acres, now drained, is known by the name of the Bedford Level; and was so named in compliment to Francis, Earl of Bedford, by whom, A.D. 1634, the work of draining the Fens was first resolutely set about), and the Mouth of the Thames (pr. Temz). The great opening in the S.W. of England? Bristol Channel (the expansion of the estuary of the Severn). The five smaller inlets in the N.W.? Morecambe Bay, and the estuaries of the Duddon, the Ribble, the Mersey, and the Dee (all opening into the Irish Sea). The great bay in the W. of Wales? Cardigan Bay. The spacious estuary (in the S.W. of Wales) between Bristol Channel and Cardigan Bay? Milford Haven (2 m. wide at the mouth, and about 15 m. long, by two m. of average breadth, containing numerous bays and creeks, completely land-locked, with excellent anchorage from five fathoms upwards, forming one of the noblest harbours in the world). The three most important inlets on the S. coast ? Southampton Water, Torbay, Plymouth Sound, and Falmouth Harbour. The S.W. and S.E. outlets of Southampton Water are, respectively? The Solent and (the great naval roadstead of) Spithead (so called from its sandbank called The Spit; and so sheltered from all winds, except the S.E., as to have obtained from sailors the name of the King's bedchamber). The noted Roadstead on the E. coast? Yarmouth Roads (between the N.E. coast of Norfolk and a line of outer sandbanks marked by buoys and floating lights). And the still more noted Roadstead on the S.E. Coast? The Downs (off the E. coast of Kent, between the N. and S. Foreland,-about 8 m. in length, and 6 in width, and sheltered on the E. by the Goodwin Sands, about 10 m. in length, also duly signalized, which serve them as a breakwater). Of English rivers, the three most noted in the N.E. are? The Tyne, the Wear, and the Tees. The two rivers whose junction forms (the estuary called) the Humber? The (Northern or Yorkshire) Ouse (the united stream of the Swale and the Ure) and the Trent (140 m.,-rising near Burslem in Staffordshire, and traversing in its course the counties of Derby, Nottingham, and Lincoln). The principal tributary of the (Yorkshire) Ouse that flows into it on the left? The (Yorkshire) Derwent. And its principal tributaries that flow into it on the right? The Wharfe, the Don, and the united stream of the Aire and the Calder. The principal tributary of the Trent? The (Derbyshire) Derwent, which (through the heart of Derbyshire) flows into it on the left. The two principal English rivers that flow into the Solway Frith? The Eden and the (Cumberland) Derwent. The five most important rivers that flow into the Irish Sea? The Duddon, the Lune (or Loyne), the Ribble, the Mersey, and the Dee. The principal rivers that flow into the Wash? The Witham, the Welland, the Nen, and the (Southern, or) Great Ouse (160 m.—which rises in the S. of Northamptonshire, and traverses in its course the counties of Buckingham, Bedford, Huntingdon, Cambridge, and Norfolk). The principal tributaries of the Great Ouse? The Cam (or Granta-which flows through the heart of the southern part of Cambridgeshire), the Larke (flowing through the N.W. of Suffolk), and the Little Ouse (which separates Norfolk from the N.W. of Suffolk), all of which flow into it on the right. The most noted rivers between the Wash and the mouth of the Thames? The Yare, with its tributary the Wensum, the Orwell, the Stour (between Suffolk and Essex), the Colne, and the united stream of the Blackwater and the Chelmer (which flows into Blackwater Bay). The world-renowned river in the S.E. of England? The Thames (or Isis-at once a navigable and a border river throughout almost its whole extent; and, commercially, the most important not only of English, but of all existing rivers; which, taking its rise on the eastern slope of the Cotswold hills and separating the counties of Oxford, Buckingham, Middlesex, and Essex, from Berkshire, Surrey, and Kent, after a course of 215 m., flows into the German Ocean). The principal river in the S.W. of England? The Severn (the greatest of English rivers both in length and volume, which, issuing |