'change which God effects in human affairs, they are forcibly 'wrested from their recent possessors, and again restored to 'their former occupants: At the first seizure the Jesuits were ' compelled to become exiles; and now, at the second seizure, the Calvinistic Divines are banished from the same country. Most wonderful are the judgments of God, who by the secret ' movements of his Providence thus checks and represses the 'too lofty aspirings and insolent ambition of those who assume to themselves the title of the Reformed Churches; and this he 'does, lest they should cease to be Christians, while they 'covet for themselves the sceptres of princes, and endeavour 'by the basest arts to extend the boundaries of their confined dominions. Those foreign Divines who were present at the Synod of Dort, and who contributed their share of advice and labour towards the oppression of the Remonstrants, had 'themselves scarcely returned to their several habitations be'fore they were overtaken by Divine Justice, which is the avenger of insolence and pride-The Divines of the Palatinate ' are banished from their country, and, among the rest, that leader of the Synodical band, that slave in the ecclesiastical 'farce, Abraham Schultetus. The Divines from the Correspon'dence of Wetteraw are afflicted; those of Hesse are in mourn'ing; the Swiss Divines tremble; and the Divine of Charenton [Peter du Moulin], who in his recent Anatomy poured forth 'the torrents of his rage against the banished Remonstrants, is 'himself compelled to consult the safety of his own life in flight. 'God forbid, that the public enemies of our country, should 'hereafter repay in equal measure, to the Contra-Remonstrants, 'the same injurious treatment which the Remonstrants have ' experienced from those domestic foes, and which they con'tinue daily to experience! It is a proverb among the followers of Pythagoras, He who endures the same degree of pain as he had previously inflicted on another, is treated with equitable retribution. With this agrees the oracular sentence of Christ, With what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again. (Matt. vii, 2.)-Seeing it is a righteous thing with God, to recompense TRIBULATION to them that trouble you, and REST to you who are troubled. (2 Thess. i, 6.)'

In a French letter, which the imprisoned Remonstrant minister Charles de Nielles addressed, in 1627, to Uitenbogardt, he pursues the same train of reflections: I likewise understand by report, that those Calvinists who had deputed their Divines to the Synod of Dort, have been themselves banished out of the Correspondences of Nassau and of Wetteraw. They have all been compelled to become exiles, as have also those of Hesse, with the exception of such of them as are willing to abjure Calvinism and to embrace Popery or Lutheranism. I deplore the calamity in which a great number of upright men

are involved; but the truth is, these people, after having en'joyed for many years the peaceable exercise of their religion under the protection of the Augsburgh Confession, con'ducted themselves so outrageously against us at the Synod of 'Dort, as to have afforded to the Lutherans just cause for 'dreading their higher advancement in Germany. They came to Dort for the purpose of lending their aid to persecute us; and they condemned, in our persons at that Synod, the Augs'burgh Confession, which they had promised under the sanc'tity of an oath to maintain: And these very persons are now expelled from their native country, as we have been.-I am 'afraid, that those of Bremen and Embden [who likewise had deputies at Dort will have reason to be apprehensive that this calamity will extend itself as far as to them, if the Emperor can possibly accomplish his designs. But it is likewise my belief, that in the end the Emperor will attempt to banish the Lutherans as well as the rest; this he has already done in 'Austria and Bohemia. The Jesuits will incite him, not to 'allow the exercise of any other religion than that of Popery, as the Calvinists do in every country in which the Sovereigns 'will follow the advice of their ecclesiastics; this we may behold in England, Scotland, and in all other States in which the Magistrates have manifested a willingness to believe that they ought not to suffer any religion except Calvinism. In this manner do they [the Papists and Calvinists] endeavour to 'expel each other, and contend which of them may be per'mitted to have dominion over consciences.'-These prognostications concerning the Lutherans were soon afterwards verified: For in the Marquisate of Brandenburgh, where the Lutherans had formerly been turned out of their churches by the Calvinists, the latter were expelled and the former re-instated in their previous possessions. But it was not long before the Emperor Ferdinand II, elated with his victories and instigated by the Pope and Jesuits, turned his arms against the Lutherans. His successes against them were very great, till the celebrated King of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus, who had married the daughter+ of the Elector of Brandenburgh, undertook the cause of the Lutherans, marched an army into the heart of Germany, and finally humbled the proud house of Austria.

* See the similarity which subsisted between the Confession of the Lutherans and that of the Remonstrants on the Five Points, as expressed by Mosheim, himself a Lutheran, in the preceding pages 152-154.

In allusion to the encouragement given to Calvinism under Archbishop Abbot.

The name of this Princess was Eleanora. She was the mother of the famous Christina, afterwards Queen of Sweden, in whose service Grotius was subsequently retained as Ambassador.

As this interference of Gustavus Adolphus was a circumstance which subsequently became of the greatest importance to the House of Brandenburgh, and as the successes which attended that monarch's spirited incursion into Germany laid the foundations of the Prussian Monarchy, it may be useful, in tracing the artful ramifications of Calvinism, to quote, for the reader's better information, the following paragraphs from one of the most intelligent historians of that period:

"Of greater consequence were the agitations about Cleve and Gulick, occasioned by a difference between the Marquess of Brandenburgh, and the Duke of Newburgh, about the partage of the Patrimony and estates of the Duke of Cleve: for John William, the last Duke of Cleve, deceasing without issue, in the year 1610, left his estates between the children of his sisters; of which the eldest, called Maria Leonora, was married to Albert of Brandenburgh, Duke of Prussia; whose daughter Ann being married to John Sigismund, the elector of Brandenburgh, was mother of George William, the young Marquess of Brandenburgh, who in her right pretended to the whole estate. The like pretence was made by Wolfgangus Guilielmus, Duke of Newburgh, descended from the electoral family of the Princes Palatine, whose mother Magdalen was the second sister of the said John William. The first of these pretenders was wholly of a Lutheran stock; and the other as inclinable to the sect of Calvin; though afterwards, for the better carrying on of their affairs, they forsook their parties.

"For so it happened, that the Duke of Newburgh finding himself too weak for the house of Brandenburgh, put himself under the protection of the Catholic King; who having concluded a Truce of twelve years with the States United, wanted employment for his Army; and, that he might engage that King with the greater confidence, he reconciles himself to the Church of Rome, and marries the Lady Magdalen, daughter to the Duke of Bavaria, the most potent of the German Princes of that Religion; which also he established in his own dominions on the death of his father. This puts the young Marquess to new counsels; who thereupon calls in the forces of the States United; the war continuing upon this occasion betwixt them and Spain, though the scene was shifted. And that they might more cordially espouse his quarrel, he took to Wife the sister of Frederick the fifth, Prince elector Palatine, and niece of William of Nassau, Prince of Orange, by his youngest daughter; and consequently, cousin-German, once removed to Count Maurice of Nassau, Commander-General of the forces of the States United, both by sea and land. This kept the balance even between them; the one possessing the estates of Cleve and Mark; and the other, the greatest part of Berge and Gulick. But so

R

it was, that the old Marquess of Brandenburgh having settled his abode in the Dukedom of Prussia, and left the management of the Marquissate to the Prince his son, left him withal unto the plots and practices of a subtile lady: who being throughly instructed in all points of Calvinism, and having gotten a great empire in her husband's affections, prevailed so far upon him in the first year of their marriage, Anno 1614, that he renounced his own Religion, and declared for her's; which he more cheerfully embraced, in hope to arm all the Calvinians both of the higher and the lower Germany, in defence of his cause, as his competitor of Newburgh had armed the Catholicks to preserve his interest.

"Being thus resolved, he publisheth an edict in the month of February, Anno 1615; published in his father's name, but only in his own authority and sole command, under pretence of pacifying some distempers about Religion; but tending, in good earnest, to the plain suppression of the Lutheran forms: For, having spent a tedious and impertinent preamble touching the animosities fomented in the Protestant Churches, between the Lutherans, and those of the Calvinian party, he first requires that all unnecessary disputes be laid aside, that so all grounds of strife and disaffection might be also buried. Which said, he next commands all Ministers within the Marquissate, to preach the word purely and sincerely, according to the writings of the holy Prophets and Apostles, the four creeds commonly received (amongst which the Te Deum is to go for one), and the Confession of Augsburgh, of the last correction; and that, omitting all new glosses and interpretations of idle and ambitious men, affecting a primacy in the Church and a power in the State, they aim at nothing in their preachings, but the glory of God, and the salvation of mankind. He commands also, that they should abstain from all calumniating of those Churches which either were not subject to their jurisdiction, or were not lawfully convicted of the crime of heresy; which he resolved not to connive at for the time to come, but to proceed unto the punishment of all those who wilfully should refuse to conform themselves to his will and pleasure.

"On which I have insisted the more at large, to show the difference between the Lutheran and Genevian churches; and the great correspondence of the first, with the church of England. But this Calvinian pill did not work so kindly, as not to stir more humours than it could remove.* For the Lutherans being in possession, would not deliver up their churches, or desert those usages to which they had been trained up, and in

Under the Prussian Monarchy the remembrance of this Calvinistic attempt at despotic sway, has been cherished down to the present times; within the last five years, it has been the will of the reigning Monarch, which is absolute within his own dominions, that both denominations should partake together of the sacred memorials of our Saviour's passion, and should each present to the other the right hand of fellowship.

which they were principled, according to the rules of their first reformation. And hereupon some rupture was like to grow betwixt the young Marquess and his subjects, if by the intervention of some honest patriots it had not been closed up in this manner, or to this effect: that the Lutheran forms only should be used in all the churches of the Marquissate, for the contentation of the people; and, that the Marquess should have the exercise of his new religion, for himself, his lady, and those of his opinion, in their private chapels."

The connection which existed between this change in Brandenburgh, and the assumption of the regal dignity by the Elector Palatine, will be seen by the succeeding extracts from the same able historian. Speaking of the Elector's marriage with the daughter of King James, he says, "Had he adventured no further on the confidence of that power and greatness which accrued to him by contracting an alliance with so great a Monarch, it had been happy for himself and the peace of Christendom. But being tempted by Scultetus, and some other of the divines about him, not to neglect the opportunity of advancing the gospel, and making himself the principal patron of it, he fell on some designs destructive to himself and his.* Who, though • One of our English Poets has well observed,

In other men we faults can spy

And blame the mote that dims their eye,
Each little speck and blemish find,

To our own stronger errors blind.

This seems to have been Richard Baxter's state of mind when he wrote the following animadversions on poor Schultetus ; the whole paragraph indeed is most important, considering the party from whom the reflectious proceed, some of which are exceedingly judicious:

"I am farther than ever I was from expecting great matters of unity, splendor, or prosperity to the church on earth, or that saints should dream of a kingdom of this world, or flatter themselves with the hopes of a golden age, or reigning over the ungodly, till there be a new heaven and a new earth wherein dwelleth righteousness. And on the contrary; I am more apprehensive that sufferings must be the church's most ordinary lot, and Christians indeed must be self-denying crossbearers, even where there none but formal nominal christians to be the cross-makers: and though ordinarily God would have vicissitudes of summer and winter, day and night, that the church may grow extensively in the summer of prosperity, and intensively and radicatedly in the winter of adversity; yet usually their night is longer than their day, and that day itself hath its storms and tempests. For the prognostics are evident in their causes: The church will be still imperfect and sinful, and will have those diseases which need this bitter remedy. The tenour of the gospel-predictions, precepts, promises, and threatenings, are fitted to a people in a suffering state; and the graces of God in a believer are mostly suited to a state of suffering. Christians must imitate Christ, and suffer with him before they reign with him; and his kingdom was not of this world. The observation of God's dealing hitherto with the church in every age confirmeth me: and his befooling them that have dreamed of glorious times. It was such dreams that transported the Munster Anabaptists, and the followers of David George in the Low Countries, and Campanella and the Illuminati among the Papists, and our English Anabaptists, and other fanatics here both in the army, and the city and country. When they think the gol.