GOOD FRIDAY-GOODENIACEÆ. additional inducement to continuous good behaviour, 14 uninterrupted years without an adverse entry entitles a soldier, after 16, 21, or 26 years' service, to the award for which he would only otherwise be eligible after 18, 23, or 28 years. Non-commissioned officers do not receive goodconduct pay, an addition instead thereof of 2d. per diem having been made to their regular pay a few years since. A sum, however, not exceeding £4900 a year is distributed among sergeants of long service and good conduct, in the way of annuities, not over £20 each. The annuity is receivable during active service, and also in conjunction with the pension on retirement. In the Malta Fencible Artillery, good-conduct pay is allowed to native soldiers for similar periods of service, but to only half the above amount. A considerable increase of the army causes a large decrease in the sum payable for good-conduct pay, as the older soldiers become non-commissioned officers, and the ranks are swelled by young recruits, who have not yet had time to earn these extra rewards. The total charge in the army for good-conduct pay during the year 1873-1874 is estimated, exclusive of the annuities to sergeants, at £133,150. Good-conduct pay and badges are also awarded in the navy to seamen of exemplary conduct; but the periods for obtaining, and the rules under which it is granted and forfeited, so nearly resemble those in force for the army, that a separate description is unnecessary. The leading differences are, that the grant is limited to three badges, and 3d. a day; that petty officers continue to hold it; and that it is of no account in the pension given at the expiration of active service. construction of the ceremony. See IDOLATRY IMAGES. The very striking office of Tenebræ 18 held upon Good Friday, as well as on the preceding two days: it consists of the matins and lauds of the office of Holy Saturday, and has this peculiarity, that at the close all the lights in the church are extinguished except one, which for a time (as a symbol of our Lord's death and burial) is hidden under the altar. In the English Church, Good Friday is also celebrated with special solemnity. Anciently, a sermon was preached at St Paul's Cross on the afternoon of this day, at which the lord mayor and aldermen attended. The practice of eating upon this day cross buns'-cakes with a cross impressed upon them-is a relic of the Roman Catholic times, but it has lost all its religious significance. In England and Ireland, Good Friday is by law a dies non, and all business is suspended. In Scotland, the day meets with no peculiar attention, except from members of the Episcopal and Roman Catholic communions. GOOD HOPE. See CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. GOODALL, FREDERICK, an eminent English artist, the son of Edward Goodall, an engraver of reputation, was born in London, September 17, 1822. His first oil-picture was entitled, Finding the Dead Body of a Miner by Torchlight,' for which the Society of Arts awarded him the large silver medal. During the summers of 1838-1842, he visited Normandy and Brittany, and in 1839, when but 17 years of age, he exhibited his first picture at the Royal Academy, French Soldiers Playing Cards in a Cabaret.' His Entering Church,' as well as The Return from a Christening,' which GOOD FRIDAY, the Friday before Easter, received a prize of £50 from the British Institution, sacred as the commemoration of the crucifixion of and others of his early pictures, were purchased our Lord. This day was kept as a day of mourning by Mr Wells. The Tired Soldier,' exhibited in and of special prayer from a very early period. It 1842, was purchased by Mr Vernon, and is now was one of the two paschal days celebrated by the in the Vernon Gallery. Some of his French scenes Christian Church, and in memory of the crucifixion, are, 'Veteran of the Old Guard describing his was called by the Greeks Pascha Staurosimon, or Soldier' Returned to his Family,' The Conscript.' Battles,' 'La Fête du Mariage,' 'The Wounded the 'Pasch of the Cross.' That it was observed as a day of rigid fast and of solemn and melancholy In 1844, he went for subjects to Ireland, and subceremonial, we learn from the apostolic constitutions sequently visited North Wales. Among his Irish (b. v. c. 18), and from Eusebius (Eccl. Hist. b. ii. scenes are, 'Irish Courtship,' 'The Irish Piper,' c. 17), who also tells that, when Christianity was and the Departure of the Emigrant Ship.' The established in the empire, Constantine forbade the Village Festival,' one of the best of his English holding of law-courts, markets, and other public subjects, exhibited in 1847, was purchased by Mr proceedings upon this day. In the Roman Catholic Vernon. His 'Hunt the Slipper" (1849), Raising Church, the service of this day is very peculiar; the Maypole (1851), Arrest of a Peasant Loyalist instead of the ordinary mass, it consists of what-Brittany, 1793' (1855), Cranmer at the Traitor's is called the Mass of the Presanctified, the sacred Gate' (1856), Rising of the Nile,' 'Subsiding of host not being consecrated on Good Friday, but the Nile' (1873), &c., have also added greatly to his In 1852, reserved from the preceding day. The priests reputation. He visited Egypt in 1858. and attendants are robed in black, in token of G. was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy, mourning; the altar is stripped of its ornaments; and in 1863, a Royal Academician. the kiss of peace is omitted, in detestation of the kiss of the traitor Judas; the priest recites a long series of prayers for all classes, orders, and ranks in the church, and even for heretics, schismatics, pagans, and Jews. But the most striking part of the ceremonial of Good Friday is the so-called 'adoration of the cross,' or, as it was called in the old English popular vocabulary, creeping to the cross.' A large crucifix is placed upon the altar with appropriate ceremonies, in memory of the awful event which the crucifix represents, and the entire congregation, commencing with the celebrant priest and his ministers, approach, and upon their knees reverently kiss the figure of our crucified Lord. In the eyes of Protestants, this ceremony appears to partake more strongly of the idolatrous character than any other in the Roman Catholic ritual; but Catholics earnestly repudiate all such 6 GOODENIA'CEE, a natural order of exogenous plants, of which about 150 species are known, mostly herbaceous plants, although a few are shrubs, and mostly natives of Australia and the islands of the Southern Ocean, a few being also found in India, the south of Africa, and South America. The order is allied to Campanulacea and Lobeliacea, but is destitute of the milky juice which is found in both of these. The corolla is monopetalous, more or less irregular. A remarkable character of this order is that the summit of the style bears a little cup, in the bottom of which the stigma is placed. The flowers of some of the species are of considerable beauty. The young leaves of Scævola taccada are used as a salad by the Malays; and the pith furnishes a kind of rice-paper, which they make into artificial flowers and other ornaments. GOODS AND CHATTELS-GOODWIN SANDS. GOODS AND CHATTELS, a legal as well as popular phrase in common use, to signify personal property. It is not unfrequently used in wills, but seldom in any other legal instrument; and when used in wills, it generally includes all the personal property of the testator. In Scotland, the corresponding phrase is goods and gear. GOODS IN COMMUNION, the name given in the law of Scotland, France, and some other countries, to the personal property of a married couple, which is not subject to any deed, but left to the operation of the common law. In England, such a phrase is unknown, for upon marriage, all the personal property which previously belonged to the woman (which is not secured by any deed or will), as well as what was previously his own, becomes and continues the husband's absolutely-he is entire master of it, and can do what he likes with it, regardless of the wishes of his wife or children, and he may even bequeath it away to strangers. In Scotland, the theory is not so liberal towards the husband, though in practice there is not much difference. By the law of Scotland, the husband can also do what he likes with the personal property of both parties, if there is no previous marriagecontract or other deed governing the subject-matter. He can almost squander it at will. It is only at his death that the theory of a kind of partnership, or of a communion of goods, comes into play. Until 1855, when the law was altered, this theory prevailed when the wife died, for formerly, at her death, the goods were divided into two parts, if there were no children, and one-half went to the next of kin of the wife, however distant the relationship, and not to the husband. But now, by statute 18 Vict. c. 23, s. 6, when a wife dies before the husband, her next of kin takes no interest whatever in the goods in communion; and the law in this respect is now the same as it is in England. Hence the phrase goods in communion is less appropriate than it was before 1855. If, however, the husband die, the goods in communion suffer a division on the principle of a partnership. Thus, if there are no children, half goes to the widow, and the other half to the next of kin of the husband. If there are children, then one-third goes to the widow, and is often called her Jus Relicta (q. v.), and the other two-thirds to the children equally, if there is no will; or if there is a will, then one-third to them, called the Legitim (q. v.). The same division also takes place in England, when there is no will; but this is done in England by virtue of a statute 29 Charles II. c. 3, called the Statute of Distributions (q. v.), whereas this effect is produced in Scotland not by a statute, but by the common law. Practically, this distinction, though important to be known by lawyers, may seem immaterial to laymen. Ånother more important distinction, however, both theoretically and practically, is this: The above division of the goods in communion prevails in Scotland whether the husband has left a will or not; in short, it prevails in spite of his will, and all that a husband having a wife and children can do by means of a will, is to bequeath one-third of his personal estate to strangers, and this third is usually called on that account the Dead's Part (q. v.). Thus, in Scotland, on the death of the husband, the wife and children have an indefeasible interest in two-thirds of his personal property, and this inchoate interest during life gave rise to the phrase 'goods in communion.' In England, on the contrary, the will, if there is one, may carry away all the personal property to strangers, regardless of the wife and children. Hence, the result may be stated shortly thus: in Scotland, a man cannot disinherit his wife and children; whereas in England he can. See other incidents of this distinction in Paterson's Compendium of English and Scotch Law, ss. 673, 738. If there is a marriage-contract or antenuptial settlement between the husband and wife, the rights both of the wife and children may be materially varied, for the rule then is, that the parties may make what arrangement they please by way of contract, and in such settlements a fixed sum is generally provided both to the wife and children, in lieu of what they would be entitled to at common law, i. e., where no express contract is made. power GOOD-WILL is rather a short popular expression than a legal term. interest which is sold along with any profession, It means that kind of trade, or business. In reality, it is not the business that is sold, for that is not a distinct thing recognised by the law, but the house, shop, fixtures, &c., are sold, and the trade debts; and along with transferring these, the seller binds himself, either by covenant or agreement, to do everything in his interests in such business. If the seller acts conto recommend his successor, and promote his trary to such agreement, he is liable to an action. But the more usual course is for the seller to enter into an express covenant not to carry on the same business within 30, 40, or 100 miles, or some specified moderate distance from the place where the sought to be set aside as invalid, on the ground purchaser resides. At first, such a covenant was that it tended to restrain the natural liberty of trade; but the courts have now firmly established that if a definite radius of moderate length is fixed upon, it does not sensibly restrain trade, inasmuch limits, and trade as much as he pleases. Hence, as the person covenanting can go beyond those such limitations are a fair matter of bargain, and upheld as valid. If the party break his covenant, he is liable to an action for damages. GOODWIN SANDS, famous banks of shifting sands stretching about 10 miles, in a direction north-east and south-west, off the east coast of Kent, at an average distance of 5 miles from the shore. The sands are divided into two portions by a narrow channel, and at low water, many parts are uncovered. When the tide recedes, the sand becomes firm and safe; but after the ebb, the water permeates through the mass, rendering the whole pulpy and treacherous, in which condition it shifts to such a degree as to render charts uncertain from year to year. The northern portion is of triangular form-34 miles long, and 24 in its greatest width; on the northernmost extremity, known as North Sand Head, a light-vessel marks the entrance on this perilous shoal. This light is distant about seven miles from Ramsgate. In the centre, on the western side, jutting out towards the shore, is the Blunt Head, a peculiarly dangerous portion, also marked by a light-ship. The southern portion is 10 miles in length, 24 in width at its northern end, and sloping towards the south-west, to a point called South Sand Head, which, being marked by a light-vessel, completes the triangle of dangerous proximity recorded for the benefit of mariners. From the sunken nature of these sands, they have always been replete with danger to vessels passing through the Strait of Dover, and resorting either to the Thames or to the North Sea. On the other hand, they serve as a breakwater to form a secure anchorage in the Downs (q. v.), when easterly or south-easterly winds are blowing. The Downs, though safe under these circumstances, become dangerous when the wind blows strongly off-shore, at which time ships are apt to drag their anchors, and to strand upon the perfidious breakers of the winter months. GOOLE-GOOSE. Goodwin, in the shifting sands of which their wrecks are soon entirely swallowed up. Many celebrated and terribly fatal wrecks have taken place here, among which we have only space to enumerate the three line-of-battle-ships, Stirling Castle, Mary, and Northumberland, each of 70 guns, which, with other ten men-of-war, were totally lost during the fearful gale of the 26th November 1703, a gale so tremendous that vessels were actually destroyed by it while riding in the Medway. On the 21st December 1805, here foundered the Aurora, a transport, when 300 perished; on the 17th December 1814, the British Queen, an Ostend packet, was lost with all hands; and on January 5, 1857, during a gale of eight days' duration, in which several other vessels were lost, the mail-steamer Violet was destroyed, involving the sacrifice of many lives in the catastrophe. From these dates, it will be seen that the greatest dangers are to be apprehended in the These dangerous sands are said to have consisted at one time of about 4000 acres of low land, fenced from the sea by a wall. One well-known tradition ascribes their present state to the building of the Tenterden steeple, for the erection of which the funds that should have maintained the sea-wall had been diverted: this traditionary account is of little, if any value. Lambard, in writing of them, says: Whatsoever old wives tell of Goodwyne, Earle of Kent, in time of Edward the Confessour, and his sandes, it appeareth by Hector Boëtius, the Brittish chronicler, that theise sandes weare mayne land, and some tyme of the possession of Earl Godwyne, and by a great inundation of the sea, they weare taken therfroe, at which tyme also much harme was done in Scotland and Flanders, by the same rage of the water.' At the period of the Conquest by William of Normandy, these estates were taken from Earl Godwin, and bestowed upon the abbey of St Augustine at Canterbury, the abbot of which, allowing the sea-wall to fall into a dilapidated condition, the waves rushed in, in the year 1100, and overwhelmed the whole. How far this account of the formation of this remarkable shoal can be relied on, is a matter of considerable doubt, the documentary evidence on the subject being scanty and unsatisfactory. A colourable confirmation is, however, to be deduced from the fact of the successive inroads which the sea has made for centuries past, and is still making along the whole east coast of England. 6 As a precaution, now, in foggy weather, bells in the light-ships are frequently sounded. Difficulty into importance, and may be said to date the commencement of its prosperity from its establishment as a bonding-port in 1829. It has commodious ship, barge, and steam-vessel docks, a patent slip for repairing vessels, ponds for bonded timber, a neatly-built custom house, and extensive warehouse accommodation. G. has a considerable trade in ship and boat building, sail-making, iron-founding, and agricultural machine-making; it has also several corn-mills, some of which are worked by steam. Coal is largely exported along the coast, and in considerable quantities to London. In 1872, 4652 vessels, of 481,643 tons, entered and cleared the port. Pop. (1871) 7680. footed bird of the same genus with those commonly GOOSANDER (Mergus Merganser), a webcalled Mergansers (q. v.), and the largest of the the adult male has the head and upper part of the British species. It is larger than a wild duck; neck of a rich shining green; the feathers of the crown and back of the head elongated, the back breast and belly of a delicate reddish buff colour. black and gray, the wings black and white, the The female has the head reddish brown, with a less decided tuft than the male, and much grayer plumage, and has been often described as a different species, receiving the English name of' Dundiver. Both mandibles are furnished with many sharp serratures or teeth directed backwards (see accompanying illustration), the nearest is experienced in finding firm anchorage for these approach to true teeth to be found in the mouth See also BILL. The G. is a vessels; and all efforts to establish a fixed beacon of any bird. have been hitherto unsuccessful. In 1846, a light-native of the arctic_regions, extending into the house on piles of iron screwed into the sand was temperate parts of Europe, Asia, and America; erected, but it was washed away in the following in the southern parts of Britain, it is seen only year. As soon as a vessel is known to have been in winter, and then only in severe weather, the driven upon the sands, rockets are thrown up from females and young migrating southwards in such the light-vessels, and the fact thus communicated to circumstances more frequently than the old males, the shore. The rockets are no sooner recognised, and not unfrequently appearing in small flocks in than a number of boatmen, known all along the the south of Scotland and north of England; coast as 'hovellers,' immediately launch their boats but in some of the northern parts of Scotland and make for the sands, whatever may be the state and the Scottish isles it spends the whole year. of wind and weather. These 'hovellers' regard the It feeds on fish, crustaceans, and other aquatic wreck itself as their own property, and although animals which its serrated bill and its power of during fine weather they lead a somewhat regard- diving admirably adapt it for seizing. The flesh less as well as a wholly idle and inactive life, their of the G. is extremely rank and coarse, but the intrepidity in seasons of tempest is worthy of all eggs appear to be sought after by the inhabitants of some northern countries. praise. GOOLE, a thriving market-town and river-port of England, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, is situated on the right bank of the Ouse at its junction with the Dutch River, 22 miles southsouth-east of York. It has only recently risen GOOSE (Anser), a genus of web-footed birds, one of the sections of the Linnæan genus Anas (q. v.), having the bill not longer than the head, more high than broad at the base, the upper mandible slightly hooked at the tip; the legs placed further GOOSE. forward than in ducks, and so better adapted for walking; the neck of moderate length, with sixteen vertebræ, a character which widely distinguishes them from swans. In general, geese spend more of their time on land than any other of the Anatida, feeding on grass and other herbage, berries, seeds, and other vegetable food. Although large birds, and of bulky form, they have great powers of flight. They strike with their wings in fighting, and there is a hard callous knob or tubercle at the bend of the wing, which in some species becomes a spur. The DOMESTIC G. is regarded as deriving its origin from the GRAY LAG G. or COMMON WILD G. (A. ferus); but all the species seem very capable of domestication, and several of them have been to some extent domesticated. The Gray Lag G. is almost three feet in length from the tip of the bill to the extremity of the short tail. Its extent of wing is about five feet. The wings do not reach to the extremity of the tail. The weight of the largest birds is about ten pounds. The colour of the plumage is gray, varying in some parts to grayish brown; the rump and belly white, the tail grayish brown and white; the bill is orange, the nail at the tip of the upper mandible white. The young are darker than the adults. The Gray Lag G. is common in some parts of the centre and south of Europe, also in many parts of Asia, and in the north of Africa, but it is not known in America. It is a bird of temperate rather than of cold climates. In some countries, it is found at all seasons of the year, but it deserts its most northern haunts in severe weather, migrating southward; its flocks, like those of others of this genus, flying at a great height, beyond the reach of shot, except of the rifle, one bird always leading the flock, the rest sometimes following in a single line, but more generally in two lines converging to the leading bird. The Gray Lag G. was formerly abundant in the fenny parts of England, and resided there all the year, but the drainage of the fens has made it now a rare bird, and only known as a winter visitant in the British Islands. It frequents bays of the sea and estuaries as well as inland waters, and often leaves the waters to visit moors, meadows, and cultivated fields, generally preferring an open country, or taking its place, as remote as possible from danger, in the middle of a field. These excursions are often made by night, and no small mischief is often done by a flock of hungry geese to a field of newly-sprung wheat or other crop. At the breeding season, the winter-flocks of wild geese break up into pairs; the nests are made in moors or on tussocks in marshes; the eggs vary in number from five to eight or rarely twelve or fourteen; they are of a dull white colour, fully three inches long, and two inches in diameter. Although the common G. has been long domesticated, and it was probably among the very first of domesticated birds, the varieties do not differ widely from each other. Emden Geese are remarkable for their perfect whiteness; Toulouse Geese, for their large size. As a domesticated bird, the G. is of great value, both for the table, and on account of its quills, and of the fine soft feathers. The quills supplied all Europe with pens before steel pens were invented, and have not ceased to be in great demand. Geese must have free access to water, and when this is the case, they are easily reared, and rendered profitable. Two broods are sometimes produced in a season, ten or eleven in a brood, and the young geese are ready for the table in three months after they leave the shell. They live, if permitted, to a great age. Willughby records an instance of one that reached the age of eighty years, and was killed at last for its mischievousness. Great flocks of geese are kept in some places in England, particularly in Lincolnshire, and regularly plucked five times a year, for feathers and quills. Geese intended for the table are commonly shut up for a few weeks, and fattened before being killed. Great numbers are imported from Holland and Germany for the London market, and fattened in England in establishments entirely devoted to this purpose. Goose-hams are an esteemed delicacy. The gizzards, heads, and legs of geese are also sold in sets, under the name of giblets, to be used for pies. The livers of geese have long been in request among epicures; but the pâte de foie d'oie, or pâté de foie gras of Strasburg, is made from livers in a state of morbid enlargement, caused by keeping the geese in an apartment of very high temperature. Large goose-livers were a favourite delicacy of the ancient Roman epicures. The Gray Lag G. is the largest of the native British species. The next to it in size, and by far the most abundant British wild goose, is the BEAN G. (A. segetum), a very similar bird; the bill longer, orange, with the base and nail black; the plumage mostly gray, but browner than in the Gray Lag G., the rump dark brown. The wings Bean Goose (Anas segetum). extend beyond the tail. The habits scarcely differ from those of the Gray Lag G., but the Bean G. is a more northern species. It is common in all the northern parts of Europe and Asia; and great numbers breed in Nova Zembla, Greenland, and other most northern regions. Large flocks are to be seen in many parts of Britain in winter, particularly during severe frosts, but a few also breed in the north of Scotland, and even in the north of England. The Bean G. is easily domesticated, but generally keeps apart from the ordinary tame geese.-The WHITE-FRONTED G., or LAUGHING G. (A. albifrons), is a frequent winter visitant of Britain; a native of Europe, Asia, and America, breeding chiefly It on the coasts and islands of the arctic seas. is only about 27 inches in its utmost length. The plumage is mostly gray; there is a conspicuous white space on the forehead. It has been often tamed. Similar to it in size is the PINK-FOOTED G. (A. brachyrhynchus), a species which has a very short bill. In England it is rare, and a mere winter visitor, but it breeds in great numbers in some of the Hebrides.-The SNOW G. (A. hyperboreus) is found in all the regions within the arctic circle, but most abundantly in America, where it migrates southward in winter, as far as the Gulf of Mexico. It is somewhat smaller than the Bean Goose. The general colour of the plumage is pure white, the 5 GOOSEBERRY-GOOSEBERRY CATERPILLAR. quill feathers brownish black. The feathers imported from the Hudson's Bay territories are in great part the produce of this beautiful species, and probably many of the fine white goose feathers imported from Russia. Its flesh is greatly esteemed.—The CANADA the largest berries. Besides its well known wholeG. (A. Canadensis) is one of the most abundant North American species, breeding even in the milder latitudes, but in vast numbers in the more northern parts, from which it migrates southwards on the approach of winter. It was introduced into Britain at least 200 years ago, and may now be regarded as fully naturalised; a great ornament of lakes and artificial ponds, from which it makes excursions in small flocks over the surrounding districts. In the uniform breadth of the bill it resembles swans. It is fully three feet and a half from the tip of the bill to the extremity of the tail; but its neck is long and slender, and it does not exceed the common G. in weight so much as in length. The bill, the feet, the head, great part of the neck, the quillfeathers, the rump, and the tail are black; there is a crescent-shaped white patch on the throat, whence this species has received the name of the CRAVAT G.; the back, wings, and flanks are grayish brown, the breast and belly pure white. The Canada G. has a peculiar resounding hoarse cry. It is easily reduced to the most complete domestication. Its flesh affords great part of the winter supplies of the Hudson's Bay residents, and is much used in a salted state. The CHINA G., or GUINEA G. (A. Guineensis or cygnoides), of which the native country is supposed to be Guinea, has long been known in Britain in a state of domestication. It has an elevated knob at the base of the upper mandible, which has obtained it the name of Knobbed Goose. -Other species of geese are noticed in the articles BARNACLE GOOSE and CEREOPSIS; and species closely allied to those noticed in this article are found in India and other parts of the world. are trained in various ways, but it is necessary to prune so that they may not be choked up with shoots, whilst care ought to be taken to have an abundant supply of young wood, which produces someness and pleasantness, and its use for making an excellent preserve and jelly, the ripe fruit is used for making wine and vinegar. An effervescent gooseberry wine, which might well claim attention under its own name, is often fraudulently sold as champagne. The use of unripe gooseberries for tarts increases the value of this fruit-shrub. The G. season is prolonged by training plants on north walls, and by covering the bushes with matting when the fruit is about ripe. Unripe gooseberries are kept in jars or bottles, closely sealed, and placed in a cool cellar, to be used for tarts in winter. When the bottles are filled, they are heated, by means of boiling water or otherwise, to expel as much air as possible before they are corked and sealed. Various derivations have been given of the name G., but most probably the first syllable is a corruption of groseille, the French name of the fruit, from which also comes the Scotch grozet or grozart. In some parts of England, the G. is called feaberry.-Among the other species of G. most worthy of notice are R. cynosbati, a native of Canada, of Japan, and of the mountains of India, much resembling the common G. in foliage and habit, the fruit more acid than the cultivated G.; R. divaricatum, a native of the north-west coast of America, with smooth, black, globose, acid fruit; R. irriguum, also from the north-west coast of America, with well-flavoured globose fruit, half an inch in diameter; R. oxyacanthoides, a native of Canada, with small, globose, red, green, or purplish berries of an agreeable taste; R. gracile, found in mountain-meadows from New York to Virginia, with blue or purplish berries of exquisite flavour; R. aciculare, a Siberian species, with sweet, wellflavoured yellowish or purplish smooth berries; all of which, and probably others, seem to deserve more attention than they have yet received from horticulturists. - The SNOWY-FLOWERED G. (R. niveum), a native of the north-west coast of America, is remarkable for its beautiful white pendulous flowers. Its berries in size and colour resemble black currants, are acid, with a very agreeable flavour, and make delicious tarts. Another species from the same region (R. speciosum) is very ornamental in pleasure-grounds, and is remarkable for its shining leaves, its flowers with four stamensthe other species having five-and the great length of the filaments.-R. saxatile, a native of Siberia, and other species, forming a sub-genus called Botrycarpum, have a character somewhat intermediate between currants and gooseberries, being prickly shrubs, but having their flowers in racemes. saxatile has small, smooth, globose, dark purple berries, like currants, which are very agreeable. R. GOOSEBERRY (Grossularia), a sub-genus of the genus Ribes (see CURRANT), distinguished by a thorny stem, a more or less bell-shaped calyx and flowers on 1-3-flowered stalks.-The common G. (Ribes Grossularia) is a native of many parts of Europe and the north of Asia, growing wild in rocky situations and in thickets, particularly in mountainous districts; but it is a doubtful native of Britain, although now to be seen in hedges and thickets almost everywhere. Some botanists have distinguished as species the variety having the berries covered with gland-bearing hairs (seta); that having the germens covered with soft unglandular hairs, and the berries ultimately smooth; and that which has even the germens smooth (R. Grossularia, R. uva-crispa, and R. reclinatum); but these varieties seem to have no definite limits in nature. The varieties produced by cultivation are very numerous, chiefly in England, where, and particularly in Lancashire, greater attention is paid to the cultivation of this valuable fruit-shrub than in any other part of the world. In the south of Europe, it is little known. It does not appear to have been known to the ancients. Its cultivation cannot be certainly referred to an earlier date GOOSEBERRY, PERUVIAN. See PHYSALIS. than the 17th c., and was only in its infancy at GOOSEBERRY CATERPILLAR, the larva of the middle of the 18th, when the largest goose- Abraxas grossulariata, a moth of a whitish colour, berries produced in Lancashire scarcely weighed with yellow streaks, and spotted with black. The more than 10 dwts., whereas the prize-gooseberries of larva is beautifully coloured, with black and white that county now sometimes exceed 30 dwts. Many stripes, and in its progression forms an elevated well-known diversities of form, colour, and flavour, loop with its body. It feeds on the foliage of as well as of size, mark the different varieties. the gooseberry and currant.-Another moth, of For the production of new varieties, the G. is pro- which the caterpillar also feeds on the leaves of pagated by seed; otherwise, generally by cuttings, these shrubs, is Halias Vanaria. Both the moth which grow very freely. Any good garden soil and the caterpillar are smaller than the former. suits the gooseberry. It is rather the better of But more destructive than either of these is the a little shade, but suffers from much. The bushes | larva of a saw-fly, Nematus ribesii, which deposits GOOSEBERRY, COROMANDEL See CARAM BOLA. |