HOLDING OVER-HOLLAND.

held in freehold, which means that each owner is entire master of his land, and pays fees or perquisites to nobody, not even to the crown. Besides feu-holding in Scotland there is blench-holding, which means a holding where the payment is nominal. Formerly, there were also ward-holding and Mortification (q. v.), the latter being the holding by which churches and religious houses were held. There is also burgage-holding, applicable to lands within Burghs (q. v.), and the transfer of burgage tenements has been lately put on a similar footing

to other tenements.

HOLDING OVER, a phrase in English Law, meaning that a tenant, after a regular notice to quit, or the end of his term, still refuses to quit, and holds over. In such a case, the tenancy is held to be renewed on the same terms from year to year, if the landlord chooses not to enforce the quitting; but if the tenant himself gave the notice to quit, or the landlord demands possession at the expiration of his notice, and then the tenant refuses to quit, he is thereafter liable to double rent, or double value according as the notice to quit came from the tenant or the landlord. In Scotland, this renewal of the contract is called Tacit Relocation (q. v.); but no liability to double rent is incurred.

been a great favourite with black-letter scholars, and has been freely used by modern historians.

in Hindustan.

HOLKAR, the name of a powerful Mahratta family, the members of which have at various times been formidable enemies to the British empire MULHAR RAO HOLKAR, who was born in the The founder of the family was Deccan, 1693, and having gained by his valour western half of Malwah, with Indore for his capital. the favour of the Peishwah, obtained from him the In 1761, he joined the great league of the princes of Hindustan, formed to bar the progress of Ahmed Shah Durani, and was present at the battle of Paniput, 14th January 1761; but as he fled shortly after the battle had commenced, he was suspected of treason. H. was the only Mahratta chief of note who returned from that dreadful slaughter. He died in 1768, and was succeeded by his niece, Aylah-Baee, who resigned the military power to TOKHAGI HOLKAR. On his death in 1797, his natural son, JESWUNT RAO HOLKAR, a man able, brave, and unscrupulous, seized Indore, but was driven out by Scindia. Such, however, was H.'s reputation for energy and ability, that part of the victorious army deserted to him, with whom, and his own troops, he obtained a signal victory over Scindia HOLIDAY, in Law, means Christmas Day, Good and the Peishwah (October 1802). After fighting a Friday, and any other day appointed for a public long time against the British with varying success, fast and thanksgiving. There are other holidays he was compelled to conclude peace, and died insane, usual in public offices and courts of law. When a October 20, 1811. His son, MULHAR RAO HOLKAR bill of exchange falls due on a Sunday, payment II., a minor nine years old, succeeded, and in 1817 must be made the day previous. If it falls due declared war against the British, but his army on any of the bank holidays, the bill is payable was totally routed at Mahedpore, 21st December; the day after. In England, the courts excuse a whereupon he sent offers of peace, which were man for not giving notice of dishonour of bills of accepted, and an English residency was established He died in 1833. exchange not only on Sunday, Good Friday, and at Indore in January 1818. Christmas Day, but also even on the festival days MARTUND RAO HOLKAR, HURRI RAO HOLKAR, and of his own religion; and though there has been KUMDI RAO HOLKAR, successively ruled after him; no decision in Scotland on the subject, the same but the last of these dying without heirs, the East rule would no doubt be applied to fast-days pre- India Company assumed the right of nominating scribed by different sects, and a notice sent on MULKERJI RAO HOLKAR, who was educated under the day following would suffice. But as a general the auspices of the British government, and who rule, and in all other respects, it may be laid has displayed great ability since he assumed the down that no sect, established or unestablished, reins of government in 1852. On the breaking out nor any court or public body, has any power what- of the mutiny in 1857, he took the field in support ever to declare a holiday which has any legal of the British, but the refractory behaviour of effect, or which can bind the public or the rights his troops prevented his rendering any effective of third parties. Nothing but an act of parliament assistance. has that effect, and not even a proclamation of the Crown would be sufficient. Hence it is that when a solemn national fast is proclaimed, which is to be put on the same footing as a Sunday, it requires a special act of parliament to make it binding on the public in matters of business.

HOLINSHED, RAPHAEL, an English chronicler, was born of a Cheshire family, in the early part of the 16th c., and died between 1578 and 1582. The work by which he is remembered is entitled The Chronicles of Englande, Scotlande, and Irelande (2 vols. fol. Lond. 1577). This edition-the first-is known as the 'Shakspeare' edition, from the fact of its having supplied the great dramatist with materials for his historical plays. It contained some passages disagreeable to Queen Elizabeth, which were omitted in the second edition of 1587. A modern edition, in 6 vols., was published in 18071808, with the disagreeable passages' restored. H., although the principal, was not the only author of these Chronicles. He was assisted in his labours, among others, by William Harrison, who wrote the historical descriptions of the island of Britain; and by Richard Stanihurst, who contributed an account of the condition of Ireland, to which John Hooker added the 'Conquest of Ireland' (a translation from the Latin of Giraldus Cambrensis). H. has always

SALL-HOLLAND, third baron, F.R.S., an English HOLLAND, LORD, HENRY RICHARD FOX, VASstatesman, was descended from Henry Fox, first baron, secretary of state to George II. H. was born at Winterslow House, Wilts, in 1773, and succeeded to the title on the death of his father, the second baron, in 1774. He went to Eton, and thence to Christ Church. He was trained for public life by his celebrated uncle, Charles James Fox, and made his first speech in the House of Lords in January 1798. After the death of Mr Fox, H. held the post of lord privy seal in the Grenville ministry for a few months. He then shared the long banishment of the Whigs from the councils of their sovereign. During this long and dreary interval, H., to use the language of Macaulay (who has paid an eloquent tribute to his memory), was the 'constant protector of all oppressed races and persecuted sects.' He held unpopular opinions in regard to the war with France, and signed a protest against the detention of Napoleon at St Helena. On the other hand, he laboured to ameliorate the severity of the criminal code; made manful war, though a West India planter, on the slave trade; threw his whole heart, though a landowner, into the struggle against the Corn Laws; and although by rank and breeding an aristocrat, laboured incessantly to extend and confirm

HOLLAND-HOLLY.

the rights and liberties of the subject. In 1830, he became chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, and a member of the reform cabinet of Earl Grey, and these posts he also held in the Melbourne ministry. He died at Holland House, Kensington, October 22, 1840. In his ample person and expressive features, he resembled his celebrated uncle.

HO'LLAND, a name frequently applied to the kingdom of the Netherlands (q. v.), although in the strictest sense it is applicable only to the provinces of North and South Holland (q. v.).

HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, Bart., M.D., F.R.S., D.C.L., &c., an eminent physician, born at Knutsford, Cheshire, in 1788. He received his professional education in London, and subsequently at the university of Edinburgh, where he graduated as M.D. in 1811. He then spent two or three years in the east of Europe; and in 1815, after his return to England, published his Travels in Albania, Thessaly, &c., in a 4to volume. He settled in London, and soon rose to high eminence in his profession, of which he became one of the recognised heads. In 1828, he was elected a Fellow of the

In

HOLLAND, NEW, the name formerly applied to Royal College of Physicians, a distinction at that the island or continent of Australia (q. v.). time very rarely conferred upon a Scottish M.D. HOLLAND, PARTS OF. See LINCOLNSHIRE. In 1840, he was appointed physician-in-ordinary to the Prince Consort, and in 1852, physician-in-ordinary HOLLAND, NORTH, a province of the kingdom to the Queen. In the following year, he was made of the Netherlands, lying between 52° 10′ and 53° a baronet. In 1856, the university of Oxford con18' N. lat., and 4° 30′ and 5° 20' E. long. Area, ferred on him the honorary degree of D.C.L., and 1050 square miles, and population (1872) 591,338. he has likewise received the degree of LL.D. from North H. consists of a peninsula joined to the main- the university of Cambridge, Massachusetts. land at its southern extremity, and of the islands 1840, he published a volume entitled Medical Notes of Wieringen, Texel, and Vlieland, lying at its and Reflections, consisting of 34 essays upon various northern extremity. It is bounded on the W. by of the most interesting departments of medicine the German Ocean, and on the E. by the Zuider and psychology, which has passed through several Zee. The surface is marshy, and in many places editions. In 1852, his Chapters on Mental Physilies below the level of the sea, from whose encroach-ology appeared, which are expansions of those ments it is protected by dunes and dykes, while canals intersect and drain it in every direction. The principal river is the Amstel. The canal from Amsterdam to Nieuwediep is an important waterway, but will soon be superseded (for large ships) by one in process of construction (1874).

The Haarlem Lake (q. v.) has been drained and converted into productive land, with a population (in 1870) of 11,272, but there still exist various small lakes or ponds in the marshy districts. The chief towns of the province are Amsterdam, Haarlem, Alkmaar, Zaandam or Saardam (q. v.).

HOLLAND, SOUTH, a province of the kingdom of the Netherlands, lying between 51° 45′ and 52° 20′ N. lat., and 3° 50 and 5° 10′ E. long. Area, 1162 square miles, and population (1873), 710,753. It is bounded on the N. by North Holland, E. by Utrecht and Gelderland, S. by the Maas, which separates it from Zeeland and North Brabant, and W. by the German Ocean. South H. comprises the land around the embouchures of the Rhine and Maas, which is cut up in its southern portions into several islands-viz., Voorne, Overflackkee, and Goeree, Putten, Ysselmonde, Beijerland, &c.

essays in his former work which treated of 'that
prises the reciprocal actions and relations of mental
particular part of human physiology which com-
and bodily phenomena.'
Subjects, published in 1862, and embracing the
His Essays on Scientific
in physics, shew that if his special studies had taken
consideration of many of the most profound subjects
different direction, he would have attained fame as
he published in 1871. H. died Oct. 1873.
a natural philosopher. The Recollections of Past Life

a

HOLLANDS. See GIN.

such common iron utensils as are hollow, such as HOLLOW-WARE. A trade term, applied to caldrons, sauce-pans, kettles, &c.

HOLLY (lex), a genus of trees and shrubs of the natural order Aquifoliacea, chiefly natives of temperate climates; with evergreen, leathery, shining, and generally spinous leaves; small flowers which have a 4-5-toothed calyx, a wheel-shaped 4-5-cleft corolla, 4 or 5 stamens, and the fruit globose and fleshy, with 4 or 5 stones (nuts). The COMMON H. (I. aquifolium), the only European species, and a native also of some parts of Asia, is a The country is flat and low, and is broken by no well-known ornament of woods, parks, and shrubelevation beyond the downs, which protect it from beries in Britain, the stiffness of its habit being so the sea. Streams and canals intersect it in all compensated by the abundance of its branchlets directions, and it abounds with lakes and with and leaves, as to make it one of our most beautiful polders, or lands that have been recovered from evergreens. It is found as a native plant in Scotthe sea or lakes by draining. One of the most land, although Britain is nearly its northern limit; noted of these is the Biesbosch, land recovered from and it attains a greater size and displays greater a marshy lake which was formed by the terrible luxuriance in the northern than in the southern inundation of 1421. The chief rivers are the Old parts of its geographic range, often appearing in Rhine, the Yssel, Lek, Maas, and Merwede. The the former as a tree of considerable size, 20 to principal towns of South H. are the Hague, Ley- 50 feet high, whilst in the latter it is generally den, Rotterdam, Dordrecht, Gorinchem, Brielle, a mere bush. It prefers light soils. There are Gouda, Delft, and Schiedam (q. v.). The two provinces of Holland rank among the most populous districts of Europe, and their inhabitants are distinguished for indefatigable industry and habits of great cleanliness. The rearing of cattle, of which there are upwards of a million in North and South Holland, and the preparation of butter and cheese, constitute the principal sources of industry in the rural districts. Alkmaar in North Holland, and Gouda in South H., are the great centres of the cheese-trade, The provinces of Holland enjoy the largest share of the national commerce and

wealth.

numerous varieties of H., produced, or at least perpetuated by cultivation, exhibiting great diversity in the leaves, of which the Hedgehog H. may be mentioned as extremely sinuous and spinous, whilst others are prized for their colour, golden, silver-blotched, &c. The flowers of the H. are whitish, axillary, nearly umbellate; the fruit small, scarlet, rarely yellow or white. The abundance of the fruit adds much to the ornamental character of the tree in winter, and affords food for birds; but to man it is purgative, emetic, and diuretic, and in larger quantities poisonous. The leaves are inodorous, have a mucilaginous bitter

1

HOLLY SPRINGS-HOLOPTYCHIUS.

and somewhat austere taste, and have been used medicinally in cases of gout and rheumatism, as a diaphoretic, and also as an astringent and tonic to correct a tendency to diarrhoea, &c. The leaves and small branches, chopped, are sometimes used for feeding sheep in severe winters. The root and bark are emollient, expectorant, and diuretic. Bird-lime (q. v.) is made from the inner bark. The wood is almost as white as ivory, very hard and fine-grained, and is used by cabinet-makers, turners, musical instrument-makers, &c., and sometimes for wood-engraving. Handles of tools and handles of metal tea-pots are very often made of it. The H. is often planted for hedges, as it bears clipping well, and makes an excellent fence. A H. hedge may either be kept low, or, as is the case at Tyninghame, in East Lothian, allowed to grow to the height of 20 or 30 feet. In the gardening of former days, hollies were often clipped into fantastic shapes. The name H. is said to be derived from the use of the branches and berries to decorate churches at Christmas, from which the tree was called Holy Tree.-Numerous other species of H. are found in North America, most of them in swampy situations, in South America, Nepaul, Japan, and other parts of the world; some of which have now become not unfrequent ornamental trees and shrubs in Britain.—MATE (q. v.), or Paraguay Tea, is the leaf of a South American species of H. (I. Paraguensis).

HOLLY SPRINGS, a village in Northern Mississippi, United States, America, on the Central Railway, 25 miles south of its junction with the Memphis and Charleston line. It is the principal town in Northern Mississippi, and contains several churches, four academies, a bank, and two or three newspapers, with a large trade in cotton and merchandise. Pop. (1870) 3000.

was appointed professor of anatomy and physiology in Dartmouth College; and in 1847, was transferred to the same chair at Harvard, the medical department of which is at Boston, where he has since resided. Dr H. is not only a man of science, but a humorous and satirical poet of much ability. Several of his lyrics also are among the most exquisite produced in America. Most of his poems have been delivered before college literary societies, as Poetry, a Metrical Essay; Terpsichore; Urania; and Astræa. In 1857 he contributed his Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, a connected series of prose essays, to the Atlantic Monthly, which was followed by The Professor at the Breakfast Table, which has the added interest of a story. A remarkable work is the singular romance, Elsie Venner (1861). Dr H. is one of the most popular of public lecturers. Of medical writings may be mentioned Boyleston Prize Dissertations, Lectures on Homœopathy and its Kindred Delusions, a Report on Medical Literature, besides many articles in professional periodicals. In 1868, he published a second novel, entitled The Guardian Angel; and in 1870, Mechanism in Thought and Morals.

HOLOCANTHUS, a genus of fishes, of the family Chaetodontidæ (q. v.), remarkable for the great beauty and symmetry of their colours, and for their excellence as articles of food. They have the very compressed form and other general characters of the Chaetodontidae, a single dorsal fin, and a large spine on the gill-cover. They are natives of the seas of warm climates. H. imperator is one of the most esteemed fishes of the East Indies, rivalling the salmon in flavour. Its greatest size is about 15 inches long; its colour is deep blue, with numerous narrow bands of orange, the pectoral fins black, the tail bright yellow. It is known in some parts of the East as the Emperor of Japan. HO'LOCAUST. See SACRIFICE. HOLOFERNES. See JUDITH.

HO'LOGRAPH (Gr. holos, all, and graphe, writing), deed or writing, in Scotch Law, means a writing in which the author or maker does his own penmanship. Considerable privileges are given to this species of writing, whereas, in England and Ireland, it is in general utterly immaterial whose penmanship is used, provided the party sign or seal the writing or deed. In Scotland, if a person execute his will or a deed in holograph, this dispenses with the usual formalities which would be requisite if he merely signed a paper written by another hand, for no witnesses are required to attest holograph deeds or testaments. If the handwriting, however, is disputed, evidence must be given as to whose handwriting it is. In England, it is quite immaterial whether a person writes out his own will or not; in either case there must be two witnesses. So in the case of holograph missive writings and accounts, there is a difference as to the period of prescription applicable in Scotland, but in England there is no distinction merely on this ground. The distinction between holograph and other deeds also prevails in the law of France and other continental

HO'LLYHOCK (Althea rosea), a plant of the natural order Malvacea, commonly referred to the same genus with the Marsh Mallow (q. v.). It has a tall, straight, hairy stem; heart-shaped, crenate, wrinkled, 5-7-angled leaves, and large axillary flowers almost without stalks; the leaves diminishing into bracts, and the upper part of the stem forming a spike; the petals hairy at the base. The H. is a native of India, the south of Europe, &c., is to be seen in almost every garden in India, and has been much cultivated in gardens in Britain from a very early period. At present, it is a favourite flower, and varieties, the result of cultivation, are very numerous. It varies much in the colour of the flowers, and double and semi-double varieties are common. It is an autumnal flower, continuing till the frost sets in. It is a biennial or perennial plant. The stem rises to a height of 8-15 feet, unbranching, or nearly so. The fibres of the plant have been made into yarn, but it is not yet certain if it is really valuable for cultivation on this account, or for the manufacture of paper. It is not improbable that it might be cultivated with advantage to afford green fodder for cattle, which are very fond of its leaves, and the leaves are produced in great abund-countries. ance if the plant is prevented from flowering. The flowers are mucilaginous and demulcent, and are sometimes used like those of mallows and marsh mallows. The leaves yield a fine blue dye.-The CHINESE H. (4. Chinensis) is an allied species.

HOLMES, OLIVER WENDALL, M.D., an American physician and author, was born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 29, 1809. In 1829, he graduated at Harvard College, and entered upon the study of law, but soon adopted his father's profession-medicine. He studied in Europe, graduated as doctor of medicine in 1836, and two years after

wrinkle), a remarkable genus of fossil ganoid fishes, HOLOPTY CHIUS (holos, all, and ptychè, enamelled scales. They were of large size, some so named from the wrinkled appearance of the species probably reaching the length of 12 feet. The small head was covered with large tuberculated plates, like those of the crocodile, and the body was completely encased in large scales, more like those of a reptile than a fish. Some scales have been found measuring 3 inches in length by 24 in breadth, and a full eighth of an inch in thickness. They were composed internally of porous

HOLOTHURIA-HOLSTEIN.

Clashbennie, on the Firth of Tay, by Mr Noble; it | Within the opening of the mouth there is a circle of now forms part of the British Museum collection. It is a foot across by two feet and a half long without the tail, which is wanting. It is nearly perfect, lying on its back, with the scales and the ventral fins in their original position.

HOLSTERS-HOLY ISLAND.

tracts of sand and heath, is very fruitful, and is most luxuriant in the marshes. The climate and natural productions closely resemble those of similar districts in the north of Germany. Salt and lime are the only minerals found. Amber is obtained on the eastern coast, and the interior abounds in peat. The manufactures of H. are inconsiderable; agriculture and the rearing of cattle are the chief employments of the people. The history of H. and its political relations are noticed in the article SLESVIG

HOLSTERS, cases for pistols affixed to the pommel of a saddle. They are frequently covered with wool or fur, to prevent injury to the rider in the event of his being thrown forward upon them. HOLY ALLIANCE, a league formed after the fall of Napoleon by the sovereigns of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, nominally to regulate the relations of the states of Christendom by the principles of Christian charity, but really to preserve the power and influence of the existing dynasties. Most of the other European rulers acceded to it, and the treaty was formally made public in the Frankfurt Journal, February 2, 1816. It was in virtue of this league that Austria, in 1821, crushed the revolutions in Naples and Piedmont, and that France, in 1823, restored absolutism in Spain. Subsequently, both France and England seceded, after which it became a mere nominis umbra. A special article of the treaty excluded for ever the members of the Bonaparte family from any European throne!

HOLY COAT, a relic preserved with the greatest reverence in the cathedral of Treves, of which city it is esteemed the greatest treasure. It is alleged to be the seamless coat of our Saviour, and to have

been discovered in the 4th c. by the Empress Helena, in her memorable visit to Palestine, and by her deposited at Treves. The Treves relics were

concealed from the Normans in the 9th c. in crypts; but the Holy Coat was rediscovered in 1196, and then solemnly exhibited to the public gaze, which

did not take place again till 1512, when multitudes flocking to see and venerate it, Leo X. appointed it to be exhibited every seven years. The Reformation and wars prevented the regular observance of this great religious festival; but it was celebrated in 1810, and was attended by a concourse of no fewer than 227,000 persons; and in 1844 by still greater multitudes, whilst miraculous cures were confidently asserted to be performed by the precious relic. The exhibition of the Holy Coat in 1844 is otherwise memorable for the reaction which it produced, leading to the secession of Rongé and the German Catholics from the Church of Rome.-For further information see The Book of Days, published by

W. & R. Chambers.

HOLY FAMILY, the
language of art, to every representation of the infant
name given, in the
Saviour and his attendants. In the early part of
the middle ages, when the object in view was to
excite devotion, the Virgin and Child were usually
the only persons represented. At a later period,
Joseph, Elizabeth, St Anna (the mother of the
Virgin), and John the Baptist, were included. Some
of the old German painters have added the twelve
Christ, as well as their mothers, as stated in the
apostles as children and playfellows of the infant
legends. The Italian school, with its fine feeling
for composition, was the first to recognise of how
is to remain undivided, and be concentrated on one
many figures the group must consist, if the interest
figure, whether that figure be the Madonna or the
Child. Two masters are pre-eminent in this species
of representation-Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael.

dox Theology, the third person of the Trinity (q. v.),
HOLY GHOST, or HOLY SPIRIT, in Ortho-
proceeding from the Father and the Son, yet of
and the Son, very and eternal God. His distinct
one substance, majesty, and glory with the Father
personality is believed to be attested by a multi-
tude of passages in Scripture, which it is unneces-
sary to quote. One may suffice: But when the
Comforter is come, whom I will send unto you from
the Father, even the Spirit of truth, which pro- |
ceedeth from the Father, he shall testify of me'
(John xv. 26). The 'Procession' (q. v.) of the Spirit
is the subject of one of the chief differences
between the Eastern and the Western or Latin
Churches. He is essentially a spirit of holiness,
and his grand function is to apply to the hearts
of men the benefits of Christ's death, to work
in them, first, a belief of the truth as it is in
Jesus, and then to sanctify them by that truth.

HOLY GRASS (Hierochloe borealis), a grass about a foot high, with a brownish glossy lax panicle. It is found in the most northern parts of Britain, and in the north of Europe. It has a sweet smell, like that of vernal grass; and in Iceland, where it is plentiful, it is used for scenting apartments and clothes. In some countries, it is strewed | on the floors of places of worship on festival-days, whence its name.

HOLY ISLAND, or LINDISFA'RNE, a small island of England, belonging to the county of Northumberland, and situated about ten miles south-east of Berwick-on-Tweed. It is about four miles long, and two miles broad, and is connected with the mainland by sands three miles in extent, which can be traversed at low-water by vehicles of all kinds. Pop. of parish (1871) 876; but, including the chapelries of Kyloe and Ancroft (which are both in the ancient parish), and called Islandshire, 3764. On the south coast is the village of Holy Island, finely situated, and now much resorted to by summer visitors. On the island are several ruins, the chief of which are the extensive and