GUINEA GUINEA FOWL. seen here and there, render the appearance of the reduced to ashes, 6th February 1874. By the town exceedingly striking. G. was the cradle of treaty which followed his submission, the king of the Portuguese monarchy, the residence of Count Ashanti renounced all claim either of tribute or Henriques, and the birthplace, in 1109, of Alfonso homage from any of the tribes within the limits of Henriques, his son, and the first king of Portugal. the Gold Coast. Among the most interesting buildings are the cathedral, founded in 1385; the castle, a Flamboyant structure, surrounded by square towers; and the Dominican convent, with beautiful cloisters of the 14th century. From every elevation in or near the town, magnificent views are obtained. In the vicinity are the Caldas (hot springs) das Taipas, and the Caldas de San Miguel, both finely situated, and well appointed. These springs, which were well known to the Romans, are used chiefly for bathing purposes. They range in temperature from 91° to 120°, are sulphureous, and are said to be very effective in cases of gout and cutaneous disease. G. is celebrated for its currieries and its paper manufacture; it also exports great quantities of dried plums and figs to England. Pop. 6000. Ocean, washes that remarkable bend of Western Off its east derived its name from the fact that the gold from GUINEA, a gold coin formerly current in Britain, which the first specimens were coined was brought from the Guinea coast in West Africa, and, for the same reason, it originally bore the impression of an elephant. It was first coined during the reign of Charles II., in 1664, and continued in common use till 1817, when it was superseded by the Guinea of Charles II. Sovereign (q. v.). Its value varied considerably at different periods, but was latterly fixed at twentyone shillings. It is still customary in Great Britain to estimate professional fees, honoraria of all kinds, complimentary subscriptions, prices of pictures, &c. in guineas; to give a physician three sovereigns and three shillings, rather than three sovereigns alone, or even three sovereigns and five shillings, is supposed to make the transaction differ from a mere mercantile one, and thus veils the sordidness which is fancied to attach to pounds, shillings, and pence. GUINEA, the name of a maritime section of Western Africa. It extends from the neighbourhood of the Senegal to the vicinity of Cape Negro, the stream being in lat. 16° N. and long. 16° 33' W., and the headland in lat. 15° 41' S. and about long. 11° 40′ E.; and by the equator, which thus intersects it, it is divided into Upper or Northern, and Lower or Southern Guinea. This vast region forms the coasts of the Mandingoes, Ashanti, Dahomey, Benin, Biafra, Loango, Congo, Angola, and Benguela, connecting with the Atlantic even more distant territories by means of its rivers, more especially by the Senegal, the Gambia, the Niger, the Old Calabar, the Zaire or Congo, and the Coanza. G. was first visited in 1364 by some French merchant adventurers of Rouen and Dieppe, and first colonised by the Portuguese in 1481, who have retained nominal possession of the whole of Lower G., the chief states of which are Loango (q. v.), Congo (q. v.), Angola (q.v.), and Benguela (q. v.). The Dutch, French, English, Danes, and even the Germans, also established various settlements, or rather factories, particularly in Upper G., the coast of which is now divided into Grain Coast, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, and Slave Coast. Besides the articles thus designated, the soil yields indigo, pepper, cotton, sugar, and palm-oil. The factories were chiefly established to secure the slave-trade, and after its suppression their commercial importance ceased. Great Britain is the only European power that tried to make a humane or Christian use of its acquisitions. While keeping a naval squadron off the West African shores to intercept the slavers, it was needful to provide for the liberated cargoes of black men and women. The Sierra Leone (see FREE TOWN and SIERRA LEONE) and Gambia settlements were created for this purpose, and here the Wesleyans have many chapels and schools for the natives. For the American settlement, see LIBERIA and GUINEA FOWL, or PINTADO (Numida), a MONROVIA. In 1872, the Dutch gave up to England genus of gallinaceous birds of the family Phasianida, all their possessions on the Gold Coast. In return having a short, strong bill, the upper mandible for this cession, England consented to annul the vaulted, a warty membrane at the base of the bill, treaties prohibiting Dutch conquests in Sumatra and a wattle hanging down on each side, the head on the Straits of Malacca. But the king of Ashanti and upper part of the neck generally naked, the (q. v.) immediately laid claim to Elmina, the capital forehead surmounted either with a callous or a of the former Dutch possessions, and after a series feathery crest; the back much elevated and arched, of intrigues and diplomatic complications, invaded the tail short. The species are all natives of Africa (April 1873) the territory now under the English G. F., or Pintado (N. Meleagris), with naked head, and Madagascar. The best known is the common protectorate. He was at first successful; but the arrival of Sir Garnet Wolseley (October hard callous casque, and slate-coloured plumage, 1873), followed by some British regiments, soon everywhere speckled with round white spots of common in Guinea, and changed the aspect of affairs, and the Ashanti various sizes. It is king was forced to retire into his own country, apparently through all the regions thence to the and after numerous defeats, had to suffer the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope; it is found also in more northern parts of Africa, and humiliation of seeing his capital, Coomassie (q. v.), GUINEA CORN, a name sometimes given to Durra (q. v.); sometimes to another cereal grass, Penicillaria spicata or Pennisetum typhoideum, very extensively cultivated in Central Africa, and to some extent also in India, where it is called Bajree. It is of the tribe Panicea, and may be regarded as one of the millets. It is a grass with a spike-like cylindrical panicle. 139 GUINEA GRASS-GUINEA-WORM. was known to the ancient Romans, by whom it was is employed by the older writers; yet, from the called Meleagris and Gallina Numidica. Its flesh importance of the trade in this article, the name was highly prized by them. In a wild state, the Grain Coast was given to a great tract of land in G. F. is generally seen in large flocks. It is not so the Bight of Benin, and to it the establishment of polygamous as many of the gallinaceous birds, and the settlements of Grand Bassa and Cape Palmas is even in a state of domestication, exhibits the inclin-due. Up to the close of the 18th c., Guinea Pepper ation to pair. It is now common in the poultry- continued in request, when the peppers of the East yards of most parts of Europe, although it is more drove it from the market. Guinea Fowl (Numida Meleagris). adapted to warm than to cold climates, and in Jamaica, has been completely naturalised, so as to be destructive to crops, and to be shot like other game. In Britain, the young are rather troublesome to rear, but the high price borne in the market both by the birds and their eggs, compensates those who keep guinea fowls for profit. The eggs are small, and have a thick strong shell, but are particularly esteemed. Guinea fowls, however, are troublesome in a poultry-yard, from the disposition of the males to attack and tyrannise over other poultry. The G. F. has a peculiar harsh and querulous cry, which it emits with great frequency. There is a white variety of Guinea fowl. GUINEA GRASS (Panicum maximum), a grass of the same genus with MILLET (q. v.), a native of the west of Africa, but now naturalised, and extensively cultivated in the West Indies and southern states of America. It does not perish even in the winters of Britain, but is not luxuriant and productive, as in warmer climates. Its height, in favourable moist situations, is from 5 to 10 feet; in dry grounds, it is smaller; it has a much-branched and spreading panicle, long flat leaves, and a somewhat creeping root. In countries favourable to its growth, it is very valuable as food for cattle. Other species of the same genus are among the most useful pasture and forage grasses of tropical countries. GUINEA PEPPER, a name which has been variously applied to the seeds or dried fruit of several very different plants, agreeing in their peppery character, and in being the produce of the west of Africa. The name MALAGUETTA (Malagheta, Meleguetta, &c.) PEPPER is generally to be regarded as equivalent with Guinea Pepper, and is at present a frequent designation of Grains of Paradise (q. v.); but the capsules or dry berries of Capsicum frutescens (see CAPSICUM) are commonly sold by druggists under the name Guinea Pepper; whilst both the names Guinea Pepper and Malagueta Pepper have been applied to the dried fruit of Cubeba Clusii (see CUBEBS), and to the seeds of Habzelia (or Xylopia) Ethiopica, a shrub of the natural order Anonaceae. This last was at one time a considerable article of export from Guinea, and was sometimes called ETHIOPIAN PEPPER. It is now seldom even heard of. It is an aromatic and not extremely pungent condiment. There is great difficulty in determining which of these kinds is meant in many instances in which the term Guinea Pepper or Malagueta Pepper GUINEA-PIG. See CAVY. GUINEA-WORM, known also as Filaria Medinensis, or F. Dracunculus, is a parasitic animal that seems to have been known from the earliest times. Plutarch, in his Symposiacon (Table-talk), quotes a passage from the geographer and philosopher Agatharchides of Cnidus, who lived in the second century before our era, which seems clearly to refer to this worm; and it has been argued with great plausibility that the fiery serpents which attacked the Israelites in the desert were in reality Guinea or Medina worms. This view of the 'fiery serpents' was propounded by Bartholin in his Commentary, and Küchenmeister, one of our highest authorities on parasitic animals, adduces the following arguments in its support. The Hebrew words which in B seen b un Young Filaria Medinensis: A, individual coiled up, as in the body of its parent; B, the same coiled in a drop of water: a, the head; b, the commencement of the tail and the anus. (From MoquinTandon's Medical Zoology : the magnifying power not given.) our version are translated 'fiery serpents' are Nechaschim Seraphim; the former word is correctly translated 'serderived from the word pents; while seraphim, saraph, can signify nothing more than is qui comburit; and it is clear that a species of animal is referred to which is distinguished by the inflammability of its bite, or generally by the inflammation which its presence causes. That in ancient times the Filaria [or Guinea-worm] its snake-like form, is proved at once by the Greek was reckoned amongst the serpents on account of name drakontion (Lat. dracunculus), a species of snake which had something fabulous and inexplicable about it. The inflammatory pain and swelling which occurred with the breaking out of the worm are certainly very well expressed by seraphim; while the mortality amongst the Israelites is easily explained by their ignorance of the treatment, and the dangerous symptoms occurring in consequence of the breaking of the worm, which, according to some authors, may be immediately fatal. Only in the last portion of the way through the desert of Zin towards Mount Hor, but especially on the way from Hor towards Oboth, for which journey they required several months, did the Israelites come into the true district of the Medina-worm-namely, the central and eastern portion of Arabia Petræa. This entire march they would undoubtedly have passed over within the period of incubation of this worm (two months to one year). Here the Filaria (or Guinea-worms) first broke up, with violent inflammatory pains. Thus, then, the Israelites contracted these worms, which are still indigenous in Arabia Petræa; and this worm-province may consequently GUINEGATE-GUISCARD. be of importance and interest to geographers in the determination of the course of travel in the fortieth year of the Israelites' wanderings.' (On Parasites, vol. i. pp. 392-393.) Our knowledge of the natural history of this worm is still very deficient, and we are at present only acquainted with the female. The body of this animal is slender, cylindrical, and somewhat compressed, and is of the thickness of pack-thread, except at the posterior extremity, where it is somewhat attenuated. It is opaque, of a milk-white colour; on each side there is a longitudinal line; and when examined by the microscope, it is seen to be marked with numerous transverse striæ. The anterior extremity is obtuse, and the mouth circular, and beset with four acute spines (but the number, nature, arrangement, and even existence of these spines are points on which helminthologists differ). The length of the worm varies from less than half a foot to three yards. On examining an adult specimen, extracted by Malgaigne in Paris in 1854, Robin found no trace of intestine, or of any organ except a very thin sheath (a uterus or oviduct), which was filled with young animals rolled up in coils, with the tail occasionally projecting outwards (see A in the figure). In these young animals, we can trace the course of the intestinal canal, which apparently becomes subsequently obliterated by the excessive development of the generative organs and the eggs. of the worm open spontaneously in a few days, and two or three inches of the anterior end of the animal come forth. This end is gently pulled, and coiled round a little roll of linen or a small stick, and this is fastened over the wound with stickingplaster and a compress. The extraction is repeated twice a day by rotating the substance round which the worm is twisted, and the operation is often not completed in less than two, three, or more months. From the most ancient times, the tearing of the worm has been regarded as a very dangerous accident. It undoubtedly gives rise to violent swelling, fever, and sleeplessness; and if we are to trust the statements of some of the older observers, shortening and deformities of the legs, lingering fistula, mortification, and death (sometimes even sudden death) must be reckoned amongst the probable consequences of breaking the worm. Although the ordinary seat of this worm is the subcutaneous cellular tissue, it has been found in the tongue, in the layers of the mesentery behind the liver, and under the conjunctiva of the eye. Small Filaria of a different species have occasionally been found in the lens of the human eye. GUINEGATE, BATTLE OF, or, more familiarly, the Battle of the Spurs, was fought at Guinegate, not far from Tournai, in the province of Hainault, Belgium, 16th August 1513, between the English, under Henry VIII., assisted by a considerable body of troops headed by the Emperor Maximilian, This worm is indigenous only in certain hot and the French, under the Duc de Longueville. countries, and its geographical distribution is regu-The latter were defeated. The battle received its lated by laws into which we have no insight. Küchenmeister mentions the following places as especially notorious for its occurrence: Senegal, Gaboon, the banks of the Ganges, Bombay, the peninsula of India, Persia, Arabia Petræa, the south coast of the Red Sea, the region round the Caspian Sea, Upper Egypt, Abyssinia, certain districts of Nubia, and Guinea. It has been introduced into certain parts of America by negro slaves. The disorder occasioned by these worms frequently becomes an epidemic in years of heavy rain, and especially in marshy districts. It appears also to be connected with the season, being especially prevalent in the East Indies during the rainy season, and in Upper Egypt shortly after the regular inundation of the Nile. The mode of production of this parasite in the human body is not known with certainty. The probability is, that the young animals, while still very minute, penetrate the skin, although by what mechanism they can effect their lodgment, we do not know. Carter relates a case which strongly supports this view. Fifty children in a school at Bombay went to bathe in a pond, and 21 of them were attacked by the Guinea-worm; some of them having four or five worms. Moreover, it is well known that negroes, who are in the habit of entering the water more frequently than the whites, and generally have their feet naked, are far more liable to be attacked than Europeans. The part of the body in which the worm usually manifests itself also accords with this view. M'Gregor states that, in 172 cases, it occurred 124 times in the feet, 33 times in the legs, 11 times in the thighs, twice in the hands, and twice elsewhere. Having gained an entrance into the body, the Guinea-worm takes a considerable time to be developed. This period varies from two months to a year or even two years. The presence of the worm often produces no annoyance for a considerable time after it has been detected; at other times, it gives rise to emaciation, and possibly even death from exhaustion. As a general rule, the vesicles caused by the inflammation excited by the presence familiar designation from the circumstance of the French knights having made better use of their spurs than their swords. GUINGAMP, a town of France, in the department of Côtes-du-Nord, is situated in an extensive plain, on the Trieux, in the midst of pleasing scenery, 20 miles west-north-west of St Brieuc. It was formerly the capital of the duchy of Penthièvre, and The site of the castle of the dukes of Penthièvre was surrounded by walls, part of which still remain. is now planted with trees, and serves as a promenade. G. has a college, a thread-factory, and several tanneries. Pop. (1872) 6545. GUIPU'SCOA, the smallest, but the most densely peopled of the Basque Provinces (q. v.). GUISCARD, ROBERT, Duke of Apulia and Calabria, the sixth in order of seniority of the twelve sons of Tancred de Hauteville, was born in the year 1015. Tancred's estates in Lower Normandy being insufficient to support such a numerous family, his three eldest sons, William, Dagobert, and Humphrey, determined to seek their fortunes in the wars of Italy. By good-fortune, courage, and wiles, William gained possession of Apulia; and Robert, desirous of sharing his brothers' fortunes, followed them to Italy with a small band of adventurers. Here he distinguished himself so highly in various battles, that, after the death of William and Humphrey, he was proclaimed Count of Apulia. G. next conquered Calabria, in the possession of which he was confirmed by Pope Nicholas II., who, but a short time before, had excommunicated him on account of his many acts of violence. G., from motives of gratitude, bound himself to pay an annual tribute to the Roman see. The feudal superiority still claimed by the papal see Naples dates from this period. G. now despatched his youngest brother Roger, at the head of 300 warriors, to conquer Sicily, the possession. of which had been promised to him by the pope. Roger, in 1060, took Messina, and in the following year the two brothers defeated the Saracens at Enna. Roger eventually conquered the whole island, and became over GUISCARD-GUISE. first Count of Sicily. Meanwhile, Robert gradually of the Catholic party. The death of the king, and gained possession of the towns that still remained a strong party against him, drove him from the in the hands of the Saracens, among others, Salerno court, but he was soon recalled, to take the comand Bari, and thus established what was till 1860 mand against the Huguenots, who had taken several the kingdom of Naples. He would have carried his important towns, and were committing great_ravavictorious standard in other directions, had he not ges. He retook Rouen, and conquered at Dreux been excommunicated by Gregory VII., on account (1562). The Maréchal St Andre was killed, the of his inroad into Beneventum. Having become Prince of Condé and the Constable taken prisoners. involved in the affairs of Greece by the marriage G., the greatest of his name, was assassinated before of his daughter Helena with Constantine Ducas, Orleans, February 24, 1563. He had a taste for son and heir of Michael VII., he despatched his son literature, and his memoirs, written by himself, Bohemond to undertake the conquest of Corfu, have much historic interest. while he himself hastened to Durazzo, and before the walls of that city gained a brilliant victory over the Greek emperor, Alexius Comnenus. He now marched through Epirus to Thessalonica, and had nearly reached Constantinople, when he received information that the Emperor Henry IV. had made an inroad into Italy. He immediately hastened back, after intrusting the chief command to Bohemond, compelled Henry to retreat, and liberated the pope, who was besieged in the castle of St Angelo. He then returned to Epirus, defeated the Greeks in several engagements, took possession of some islands in the Archipelago, and was on the point of advancing a second time to Constantinople, when he died at Cephalonia, 17th July 1085. His remains were buried at Venusa; his sons Bohemond and Roger inherited his possessions: the former received Tarentum; the latter, Apulia. G. was not only a hero and a conqueror, but a patron of the arts and sciences.-Compare Gualtier d'Arc, Histoire des Conquêtes des Normands en Italie, en Sicile, et en Grèce (Paris, 1830). GUISE, the name of a branch of the ducal family of Lorraine, distinguished in the history of France and Europe during two centuries. It derives its name from the little town of Guise, in the department of Aisne (situated on the Oise). The following are its most remarkable members: CLAUDE OF LORRAINE, first Duke of Guise, Peer of France, Grand Huntsman, Count d'Aumale, Marquis of Mayenne and Elbeuf, Baron of Joinville, &c., was the fifth son of René II., Duke of Lorraine, and was born at the château of Condé, October 20, 1496. He left Lorraine on account of a quarrel with his elder brother, accompanied Francis I. to Italy, and received twenty-two wounds at the battle of Marignan, 1515. Eight years later, he drove the Germans from Champagne. In 1542 he fought in He was Flanders under the Duke of Orleans. FRANÇOIS OF LORRAINE, second Duke of G., son of the preceding, was born February 17, 1519. As a general, he acquired European renown. He distinguished himself at Montmedy (1542), Landrecies (1543), St Dizier (1544), Boulogne (1545), and attracted the attention of France by his defence of Metz, besieged for two months by Charles V., who, after firing 11,000 balls, and losing 30,000 men, was obliged to raise the siege (1553). He added to his reputation at Renti (1554), and in 1556 took command of the expedition against Naples. This expedition failed through treachery; but the duke, having been made lieutenant-general of France, retrieved his reputation by taking Calais, Guines, and Ham, which were in possession of the English, and were considered impregnable. His military successes were ended by the peace of 1559. His niece, Mary Stuart, being the wife of Francis II., he became the highest power in the state, and the head In HENRI I. OF LORRAINE, third Duke of G., was born December 31, 1550. The death of his father placed him at the head of the Catholic party. Ambition and vengeance both stimulated him to action. At the age of 16, he distinguished himself in fighting against the Turks in Hungary. Three years later, he fought with the Huguenots at Jarnac (March 1569) and Moncontour (October 1569), and in the same year forced Coligny to raise the siege of Poitiers. He aspired to the hand of Marguerite of Valois, but, to appease the anger of the king, married Catherine of Clèves, 1570. Disgusted with the favours granted to Protestants at the court, he retired, but returned, and was engaged in the massacre of St Bartholomew, August 24, 1572, in which he saw the dead body of Coligny thrown from a window into the courtyard at his feet. 1575, fighting with the Huguenots, he was wounded in the face, whence he received the name of Balafré (scarred), a designation borne also by his father from a similar circumstance. He formed the famous League-ostensibly for the defence of the church, really to raise himself to the throne of Charlemagne. The king coquetted with both parties. G. conquered Henri of Navarre, but the king refused him entrance to Paris. people rose in his favour, and he might have been king, but he negotiated. He was promised all the powers which he demanded, but the king caused him to be massacred in the palace, and is said to have kicked his lifeless body. His brother the cardinal was also killed. Their bodies were burned, and the ashes scattered to the winds, December 23, 1588. The HENRI II. OF LORRAINE, fifth Duke of G., was born April 4, 1614. He was destined for the church, and at the age of twelve possessed nine abbeys; at fifteen, he was Archbishop of Reims, but on the death of his elder brother he quitted a calling he detested, and succeeded to the dukedom. Handsome, chivalric, brave, he was a true specimen of the ancient paladin, and celebrated for his numerous gallantries. Loved by Anne de Gonzague, princess of Mantua, he capriciously abandoned her, joined the party of the Comte de Soissons, and married the widow of the Comte de Bossut. Having joined the league against Richelieu, he was condemned by the parliament of Paris to capital punishment, but took refuge in Germany. On the death of Louis XIII., he returned to France, disgusted with his wife, whose fortune he had spent, and proposed to marry Mademoiselle de Pons, one of the queen's maids of honour. He fought in the campaigns of 1644 and 1645 as a volunteer, and then repaired to Rome to get a divorce, but failed. Hearing of the revolt of Naples against Spain, under Massaniello, he set off for that city, in the true spirit of knighterrantry, to conquer a kingdom with his sword for the bride he still hoped to gain. Passing in a felucca through the Spanish fleet, G. entered Naples in December 1647, and was received with the utmost enthusiasm; but his gallantries, the envy of the nobles, and jealousy of France, caused |