TEN] H. Reichardt Jun. 1971 24 p refs in GERMAN; ENGLISH Fluctuations of the viscous shear stress near a wall are governed by a differential equation of the heat conduction type, which follows from the general equations of motion. This differential equation is solved in order to explain effects observed in the viscous sublayer with hot film probes. A solution function is found for the shear stress showing that shear stress waves don't originate at the wall, but in the semi-viscous region. Their 4. WALL JETS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO BOUNDARY LAYER CONTROL I. S. Gartshore 35 p refs (See N72-10249 5. SELF-PRESERVING FLOWS I. S. Gartshore 26 p refs 6. HOT-WIRE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE: SOME BASIC PROBLEMS J. D. Vagt (Technische Univ., Berlin, West Germany) 53 p refs (See N72-10251 01-14) 7. TRANSMISSION OF LOW FREQUENCY JET PIPE SOUND THROUGH A NOZZLE FLOW J. E. FfowcsWilliams (Imp. Coll. of Sci, and Technol.) 8 p (See N72-10252 01-23) 8. JET NOISE AT VERY LOW AND VERY HIGH SPEED J. E. FfowcsWilliams (Imp. Coll. of Sci. and Technol.) 9 prefs 9. ON THE NOISE SOURCES OF THE UNSUPPRESSED HIGH SPEED JET K. A. Bishop, J. E. FfowcsWilliams, and W. 10. NUMERICAL METHODS FOR JETS FLOWS R. Borghi (ONERA) 24 p refs (See N72-10255 01-12) 11. LASER BEAM USAGE FOR OPTO-ELECTRONIC METHODS OF INVESTIGATING GASEOUS FLOWS H. J. Pfeifer (Inst. Franco-Allemand de Recherches, St. Louis, France) N72-10246# Surrey Univ., London (England). A REVIEW OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TURBULENT JETS L. J. S. Bradbury In von Karman Inst. for Fluid Dyn. Turbulent Jet Flows 1971 38 p refs (See N72-10245 01-12) Turbulent jet development and turbulent shear flows are considered to which boundary layer approximations apply. Only two dimensional flows are analyzed so that the influence of a bounding wall is not taken into account. The Reynolds number is, always assumed to be sufficiently large and the viscous stresses N72-10247# Surrey Univ., London (England). TURBULENCE SIMILARITY IN A PLANE JET IN A MOVING L J. S. Bradbury In von Karman Inst. for Fluid Dyn. Turbulent Jet Flows 1971 21 p refs (See N72-10245 01-12) The assumption that the turbulence structure is always similar in shear flows provides a useful alternative hypothesis to the more usual gradient transport models of turbulence. The spread of a plane jet in a parallel moving airstream is studied using this assumption with the intention of critically examining the accuracy and usefulness of the similarity hypothesis. Although the similarity argument does not seem to account for the development of this flow in an accurate quantitative manner, it certainly describes some of the broad features of the flow development and the results establish the considerable influence N72-10248# Von Karman Inst. for Fluid Dynamics, Rhode REMARKS ON TURBULENT FLOWS WITH FREE STREAM J. Mathieu In its Turbulent Jet Flows 1971 89 p refs (See Turbulence effects are analyzed in flows which possess at least one free boundary enabling the process of contamination of the irrotational fluid by the turbulent fluid to take place. Considered are flows that are not restricted by the presence of a solid wall such as jets, mixing layers, and wakes, as well as flows which are completely restricted by walls imposing on the whole of the flow rather severe constraints. Emphasis is placed N72-10249# Von Karman Inst. for Fluid Dynamics, Rhode WALL JETS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO BOUNDARY I. S. Gartshore In its Turbulent Jet Flows 1971 35 prefs Existing methods for predicting wall jet development are briefly outlined and an analysis on boundary layer control requirements for a particular airfoil section with two blowing slots is presented. Integral techniques are used to evaluate the effects of large upstream boundary layers on wall jet development. It is concluded that reasonable accurate predictions of boundary layer and wall jet development are possible when no distinct I. S. Gartshore In its Turbulent Jet Flows 1971 26 prefs The concept of self-preservation is applied to analyze flows in which molecular viscosity is unimportant in governing the motion and for which the usual boundary layer approximations apply. Both axisymmetric and plane two dimensional jets and wakes are considered but only plain boundary layers and wall jets. Only constant density isothermal statistically steady situations are included. The assumption of self-preserving forms for the velocity and Reynolds stress distribution allows the mean equation of motion to be written as an ordinary differential equation, and permits predictions of the length and velocity scales for the flow. Mean velocities and turbulent velocities are assumed in the x, y directions respectively, where y may be a radial coordinate in axisymmetric motion. The exponent r differentiates axisymmetric results (r= 1) from plane two dimensional cases (r=0). Flow measurements in plane and axisymmetric self-preserving jets and wakes, and in plane wall jets and boundary layers confirm the relationship between profile shape and pressure gradient given by the analysis. At least some of the Reynolds stresses exhibit self preserving distributions at N72-10251# Technische Univ., Berlin (West Germany). c14 J. D. Vagt In von Karman Inst. for Fluid Dyn. Turbulent Jet Flows 1971 53 p refs (See N72-10245 01-12) Avail: NTIS HC $6.00/MF $0.95 The different requirements which should be fulfilled by a hot wire probe of sufficient efficiency are summarized for an optimal configuration as follows: (1) length of the wire about 1 mm; (2) diameter of the wire 2.5 to 5 micrometers; and (3) platinum plated tungsten with copper plated ends for wire material. Accurate calibration of the hot wire requires an airstream with variable velocity and low turbulence. G.G. N72-10252# Imperial Coll. of Science and Technology, London (England). TRANSMISSION OF LOW FREQUENCY JET PIPE SOUND THROUGH A NOZZLE FLOW c23 J. E. FfowcsWilliams In von Karman Inst. for Fluid Dyn. Turbulent Jet Flows 1971 8 p (See N72-10245 01-12) (jefw/69) Avail: NTIS HC $6.00/MF $0.95 The basic flow model is subsonic jet of velocity V sub 2 formed by expanding a hot jet pipe flow of mean velocity V sub 1 and static pressure p sub 1 in a jet pipe of cross sectional area A sub 1 through a nozzle down to the ambient pressure p sub o. The jet flows in the direction + x. Superimposed on this basic flow is a low frequency sound wave of pressure p(+) incident from x less than o. The meaning of the low frequency in this context is that the nozzle scale is much smaller than the wavelength in both the jet stream and the environment. The problem is to determine the unsteady conditions at the nozzle exit and the sound field radiated to the static homogeneous environment exterior to the jet. It is shown that the influence of the nozzle transmission properties on the velocity depends on the velocity of the aerodynamic sound; aerodynamic sources contained within the jet but positioned many wavelengths upstream of the nozzle generate sound depending on jet velocity in precisely the same way as if the sources were in direct communication with the nozzle exterior. G.G. experiments to highlight physical properties of jet noise sources at very high speed are presented. The principal noise sources are shown to be very large scale wave-like undulations of the jet flow that travels downstream at supersonic speed for a distance of several jet diameters. These motions are relatively well ordered and are probably more akin to recognizable instabilities of a laminar flow than the confused small scale turbulence. A model of the noise generating motions as the instability products of a jet flow of low equivalent Reynolds number is formulated. This Reynolds number is based on an eddy viscosity and can be futher reduced by artificially increasing the small scale turbulence level. This step stabilizes the flow and inhibits the formation of large scale noise producing eddies. Author N72-10255# Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aerospatiales, Paris (France). NUMERICAL METHODS FOR JET FLOWS R. Borghi In von Karman Inst. for Fluid Dyn. Turbulent Jet Phenomena which induce and control the transfers of mass, momentum, and enthalphy are considered in numerical calculation methods for turbulent jet flows. Analyzed are two dimensional axisymmetrical steady flows of isobaric jets, jets where the transverse pressure gradient is approximately zero, and nonisobaric jet flows. G.G. N72-10253# Imperial Coll. of Science and Technology, London (England). JET NOISE AT VERY LOW AND VERY HIGH SPEED c23 J. E. FfowcsWilliams In von Karman Inst. for Fluid Dyn. Turbulent Jet Flows 1971 9 p refs (See N72-10245 01-12) Avail: NTIS HC $6.00/MF $0.95 A description of the possible sources of sound that can be met in low Mach number jet flows, and their strength is given in terms of flow parameters. Considered is jet noise at very low speed where nozzle exit turbulence may be a major contributor. Lighthill's theory is briefly summarized and used to estimate the sound of jets at moderate speeds. It is shown that very reasonable estimates of the field can be achieved from a crude description of the turbulent flow without recourse to the more involved aspects of the quadrupole theory. Then the question of noise produced by combustion of excess fuel in the exhaust is examined according to Lighthill's theory. The theory is applied to high Mach number situations where it is argued that the role of both Mach waves and shock waves needs further study. Finally, estimates of the sources to be expected in a moderate speed jet issuing from a multitube suppressor are made and applied to the noise from a fully developed jet flow. Author N72-10257# Naval Ordnance Lab., White Oak, Md. STUDY OF BOUNDARY-LAYER FLOWS WITH PRESSURE GRADIENT AND MASS TRANSFER BY A SIMPLE INTEGRAL METHOD Tse-Fou Zien 22 Mar. 1971 47 prefs (AD-725133; NOLTR-71-51) Avail: NTIS CSCL 20/4 A refined Karman-Pohlhausen method previously generalized by Zien to include the effects of mass transfer is further explored and its application is extended to cases involving both pressure gradients and surface mass transfer. The case with piece-wise suction (or blowing) is also included. The study is restricted to plane, incompressible, laminar boundary layers. Configurations of flat plates and circular cylinders are chosen to illustrate the application of the method. Results are given mainly in terms of skin frictions, and they are presented entirely in closed forms. The calculations for the porous plate case are carried out using rather elaborate velocity profiles, but the results differ negligibly from previous ones with very simple profiles. A linear velocity profile is then used to carry out some exploratory calculations for more complex flows. The method is shown to be a potentially efficient tool for handling the problem of boundary-layer control by means of surface mass transfer. Author (GRA) N72-10258# Naval Research Lab., Washington, D.C. Physical THE WAKE OF A SOURCE IN A TWO-LAYER FLUID (AD-725109; NRL-7254) Avail: NTIS CSCL 20/4 The purpose of the report is to provide an analytical basis for evaluation of the internal wave system generated by a moving body in stratified fluids which can be represented by a two-layer structure. In view of the standard representation of rigid bodies by a distribution of hydrodynamic sources, the objective is achieved by developing analytical expressions for the disturbance due to a single source. Expressions are derived for the velocity field. The method of stationary phase, when applied to these expressions, yields a simplified description of the field far behind the source. An additional quantity, the displacement function, is introduced in order to describe the amount by which fluid particles are displaced in the vertical direction from their equilibrium position. Author (GRA) N72-10259# Aerospace Corp., El Segundo, Calif. Plasma Research Lab. DECELERATION ON IONIZATION LEVELS IN A SHOCK TUBE Technical Report, Jul. 1970 1 Feb. 1971 EFFECTS OF SHOCK WAVE Glenn C. Light 15 Jun. 1971 21 p refs (Contract F04701-70-C-0059) (AD-725733; TR-0059(6220-10)-12; SAMSO-71-113TR) Avail: NTIS CSCL 20/4 Measurements of electron density behind a decelerating shock wave in air in a shock tube are presented. A model is proposed that accounts for the effects of shock wave deceleration and boundary layer mass loss on shocked gas properties in a self-consistent manner. Calculated values of electron density based on this model are within a factor of 2 of measured values. Consequences of the combined effects of shock deceleration and boundary layer mass loss are seen to be of great importance for shock tube studies involving the determination of chemical reaction rates. Author (GRA) N72-10260# Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Palo Alto, Calif. ON THE EFFECT OF A RISE IN STAGNATION TEMPERATURE ON THE GAS FLOW AROUND DEEP CAVATIES lu. B. Eliseev and A. la. Cherkez [1971] 14 p refs Transl. into ENGLISH from Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Mekh. Zhidk. Gaza (Moscow), no. 3, 1971 p 8-18 Avail: NTIS; National Translations Center, John Crerar Library, Chicago, Ill. 60618 Results of experiments with hollow models inserted in a stationary gas flow are analyzed. Some quantitative characteristics of the effect of a temperature rise above the value of the free stream stagnation temperature are determined. It is shown that this phenomenon is associated with the formation of shocks in the cavity, wherein energy disssipation results in the gradual heating of the gas and the model walls. Author N72-10261*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Clarence A. Brown, Jr., James F. Campbell, and Dorothy H. (NASA-TM-X-2312; L-7758) Avail: NTIS HC $6.00/MF $0.95 CSCL 20D An investigation was conducted to obtain flow properties in the wake of the Viking '75 entry vehicle at Mach numbers from 1.60 to 3.95 and at angles of attack of O deg and 5 deg. The wake flow properties were calculated from total and static pressures measured with a pressure rake at longitudinal stations varying from 1.0 to 8.39 body diameters and lateral stations varying from -0.42 to 3.0 body diameters. These measurements showed a a consistent trend throughout the range of Mach numbers and longitudinal distances and an increase in dynamic pressure with increasing downstream position. Author N72-10262 Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. THEORY OF COLLECTION OF AIRBORNE PARTICLES BY FIBROUS FILTERS Ph.D. Thesis Stanley Verne Dawson 1969 252 p Avail: Univ. Microfilms Order No. 70-15306 Predictions for collection of airborne particles by fibrous filters are calculated from theoretical mechanics of the filtration process. The theory is expected to apply to the case of respirable particles in the air stream passing through arrays of specially uniform glass fibers. For available patterns of flow around the typical fiber, the flow resistivity predicted on the basis of the customary assumption of uniform solidity in the filter is compared to published measurements of resistivity. The disagreement is resolved by proposing that a parallel flow through paths of different solidity has occurred in the filter. In the mathematical model chosen, the paths of parallel flow are each of uniform solidity and the pattern of flow around the typical fiber is that of Spielman and Goren (1968). Dissert. Abstr. N72-10263 Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park. DEVELOPING FLOW WITH COMBINED FORCED-FREE CONVECTION IN AN ISOTHERMAL VERTICAL TUBE Ph.D. Thesis Burton Zeldin 1969 116 p Avail: Univ. Microfilms Order No. 70-19493 The continuity, momentum, and energy equations were solved simultaneously without recourse to boundary layer approximations for both uniform, irrotational and fully developed entrance velocity models by use of a finite difference technique. The difference equations formed by Allen's method were solved iteratively by use of a successive over-relaxation algorithm. for either entrance velocity, it was assumed that the fluid entrance temperature is uniform but different from that of the wall. In addition, the tube was presumed to be long enough to permit the velocity to eventually become fully developed. Velocity profiles and Nusselt numbers are presented for air for both pure forced and combined forced-free convection. Both the analysis and a related experiment were limited to flows in which the tendency of gravity is to accelerate the fluid near the tube wall. Dissert. Abstr. N72-10264 Washington Univ., Seattle. A STUDY OF THE MEAN FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS-SOLID SUSPENSIONS FLOWING IN VERTICAL TUBES Ph.D. Thesis Ted Joseph Kramer 1970 346 p Avail: Univ. Microfilms Order No. 70-19634 An experimental and theoretical study of the flow characteristics of gas-solid suspensions was conducted. Air and particle velocities and particle flux distributions were measured across vertical tubular flow channels. The suspension static pressure gradient along the tube axis was also measured. The three suspensions studied consisted of air and spherical glass particles having average diameters of 30, 62, and 200 microns. Flow channels were 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 inch diameter glass tubes. Air Reynolds numbers ranged from 5670 to 50,000. A universal logarithmic suspension velocity profile was predicted by the theoretical flow model based upon the assumption that the suspension could be treated as a continuum. The data points calculated from the experimental measurements formed a family of logarithmic profiles with the mass loading ratio as parameter and each profile was found to be independent of the air Reynolds number. Dissert. Abstr. N72-10266 Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. MAXIMUM THRUST NOZZLES FOR ROTATIONAL OR NONEQUILIBRIUM SIMPLE DISSOCIATING GAS FLOWS INCLUDING BOUNDARY LAYER EFFECTS Ph.D. Thesis Michael Peter Scofield 1970 174 p Avail: Univ. Microfilms Order No. 70-18579 A formulation, numerical solution technique and computer program implementing the technique are presented for the design of maximum thrust nozzles for rotational or nonequilibrium simple dissociating gas flows including boundary layer effects. The formulation is based on the usual assumptions applicable to rotational and nonequilibrium simple dissociating gas flows and on the assumption that the boundary layer is thin. The thrust is written as the integral of the stress tensor acting along the supersonic nozzle wall on which a general isoperimetric design constraint is also applied. The thrust expression is maximized by application of the calculus of variations. The resulting set of design equations are hyperbolic partial differential equations valid in the region of interest and algebraic equations specifying the boundary conditions for the Lagrange multipliers of the extremal problem. Dissert. Abstr. N72-10266 Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, Pa. Henry August Scarton 1970 797 p Avail: Univ. Microfilms Order No. 70-18029 Thirty-two modes of propagation of waves in viscous compressible liquids contained in rigid circular tubes were calculated. Sixteen of these modes are transverse modes, the existence of which was unexpected. These modes were computed over a wide range of frequencies, viscosities, and wavelengths. The modes were found through the development of a computer-aided contour technique for finding the complex roots of complex transcendental equations. This technique, called the Method of Eigenvalleys, also led to the discovery of backward propagating waves; an exact analytical expression for the zeroth transverse mode eigenvalue; a definitive low-intermediate and intermediate-high frequency boundary; a new type of boundary layer, called a dilatational boundary layer; the exact linear synthesis of tube end conditions; and a theorem and corollary which can handle any number of homogeneous radial boundary conditions. Dissert. Abstr. Ru-Hsin Mo 1970 119 p Avail: Univ. Microfilms Order No. 70-19206 The development of the temperature field of a pulsating, laminar flow of an incompressible, Newtonian fluid in a long. rigid, straight, rectangular duct is analytically investigated. Analytical solutions of temperature distributions for the case of constant wall temperature and for the case of uniform wall heat flux are obtained. From the results obtained, it is found that if the magnitude of the amplitude of the oscillating component of pressure gradient is not larger than the steady-state component, the effect of pulsations of the flow on the temperature field are diminished when the value of the frequency parameter increases. Numerical results are given which demonstrate the effect of the aspect ratio of the duct, the effect of the amplitude and frequency of the pulsating pressure gradient and the influence of the fluid Prandtl number on the temperature field of the flow. Some significant results are graphically illustrated. Dissert. Abstr. N72-10268 Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. Avail: Univ. Microfilms Order No. 70-18696 = An investigation of constant area, ducted jet mixing was performed. Information is presented on the global and detailed flow field behavior. Two geometric conditions were considered with primary to mixing tube diameter ratios of d/D= 0.1 and 0.4 and a fixed mixing duct length, L/D 8.4. The third condition was one of mild recirculation. For measurement of the global behavior, the primary velocity was varied, and the resulting secondary flow rate was measured. A simplified control volume analysis was used to predict the global behavior, with the secondary velocity predicted as a function of the primary velocity and the secondary static pressure rise. For a fixed geometry condition, the secondary velocity is a linear function of the primary velocity. Detailed velocity measurements of the flow field were made. Theoretical predictions of the flow field behavior are presented. Dissert. Abstr. N72-10269 California Univ., Berkeley. THE ANALYSIS OF LAMINAR WAKES IN SUPERSONIC FLOW BY THE METHOD OF INTEGRAL RELATIONS Ph.D. Thesis James Cheng-Sun Meng 1969 120 p Avail: Univ. Microfilms Order No. 70-17620 The singular points in the recompression region of the wake behind a hypersonic re-entry body (with a flat base) are analyzed using the Method of Integral Relations. It is shown that the critical point just downstream of the wake reattachment point is a saddle point. Integral curves are generated connecting this point with the base flow region. All viscous effects are neglected upstream of the base shoulder; downstream of it a Chapman type solution is used to connect the integrals issuing from the saddle points. A suitable matching of flow parameters yields a unique near wake solution. Two sample cases are carried through in detail. Good agreement with the experimental results is found. Dissert. Abstr. N72-10270 Tufts Univ., Medford, Mass. ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE Avail: Univ. Microfilms Order No. 70-18006 The mathematical techniques are developed involved in formalizing a general method to find successive approximations in the problem of regular perturbation of an equation using the method of weighted residuals (MWR). The applicability of MWR was also examined in specific applications in the field of fluid mechanics. As a particular case, the Collocation method of MWR was applied to the incompressible two-dimensional slow viscous flow generated in the gap between two non-concentric circular cylinders, with the outer rotating at constant angular velocity and the inner stationary, for a range of small Reynolds number. Predicted results were substantially confirmed by experimental observations. The outer and inner cylinders in these experiments had diameters of 5.75 in. and 0.75 in. respectively. In order to get the appropriate Reynolds number in each experiment, the rotating speed of the outer cylinder was controlled in the range of 0.01 approximately 10 rpm and similar silicon oils with viscosity of 60,000 cs and 10,000 cs were used. Dissert. Abstr. N72-10271 State Univ. of New York at Buffalo. The theoretical and experimental study of the mechanism of transition from wavy to slug flow in two-phase horizontal two-dimensional flow is reported. It is proposed that the transition to slug flow occurs due to a type of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, i.e., the instability which occurs when the suction due to aerodynamic pressure at the wave crest overcomes the downward acceleration of the wave. In this case, this is enhanced by the proximity of the upper wall. The suction at the crest grows faster than the downward force on a liquid element, so that the instability is amplitude dependent. Since the surface waves possess a limiting amplitude, for a given liquid level, air velocity, and wave length, the transition can be predicted by examining whether the highest possible waves are unstable. Dissert. Abstr. 13 GEOPHYSICS Includes aeronomy: upper and lower atmosphere studies: oceanography; cartography; and geodesy. For related information see also: 20 Meteorology: 29 Space Radiation; and 30 Space Sciences. N72-10272*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. ROCKET MEASUREMENTS OF ION AND ELECTRON DENSITIES IN THE D. AND LOWER E-REGIONS NEAR SUNRISE A. Pedersen (ESTEC, Noordwijk, Neth.) and J. A. Kane Paris ESRO Mar. 1971 27 p refs (NASA-TM-X-87409; ESRO-SN-116) Avail: NTIS CSCL 04A Positive-ion and electron densities were measured in the 75 to 110 km altitude range with the aid of two rockets launched from White Sands near sunrise. The solar zenith angles were 91 and 79 deg respectively. The densities were derived from measurements made by an ion collector and from data obtained with a Faraday rotation technique capable of detecting electrons in the D-region. It has been found that in the 80-95 km altitude range, electron detachment from negative ions takes place mainly at zenith angles of less than 91 deg. The source of the high positive-ion density (N(+) approximately 700/cu cm) at an altitude of 75 km just before sunrise is presumed to be scattered Lyman alpha radiation which is ionizing nitric oxide. Author (ESRO) N72-10273*# Biospherics, Inc., Rockville, Md. 15 Oct. 1971 137 p refs Original contains color illustrations (Contract NASw-2115) (NASA-CR-123293) Avail: NTIS CSCL 08A A study of the effect of pollutants on the sea nettle population of Chesapeake Bay was conducted. The effects of pollutants on the polyp stage of the nettle were stressed. Methods of detecting adult sea nettles by remote sensing are discussed. The effects of phosphate, nitrate, ammonium, and combinations of these pollutants were investigated. Author N72-10274* National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA TO SURVEY EARTH'S RESOURCES A wide variety of the natural resources of earth and man's management of them will be studied by an initial group of foreign and domestic scientists tentatively chosen by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to analyze data to be gathered by two earth-orbiting spacecraft. The spacecraft are the first Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS-A) and the manned Skylab which will carry an Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). In the United States, the initial experiments will study the feasibility of remote sensing from a satellite in gathering information on ecological problems. The objective of both ERTS and EREP aboard Skylab is to obtain multispectral images of the surface of the earth with high resolution remote sensors and to process and distribute the images to scientific users in a wide variety of disciplines. The ERTS-A, EREP, and Skylab systems are described and their operation is discussed. Author N72-10276*# Texas A&M Univ., College Station. Remote Sensing Center. LABORATORY MEASUREMENT OF THE COMPLEX DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF SOILS M. L. Wiebe Oct. 1971 35 prefs The dielectric constant of a material is an extremely important parameter when considering passive radiometric remote sensing applications. This is because the emitted energy measured by a microwave radiometer is dependent on the dielectric constant of the surface being scanned. Two techniques of measuring dielectric constants are described. The first method involves a dielectric located in air. The second method uses basically the same theoretical approach, but the dielectric under consideration is located inside a section of waveguide. Author N72-10276*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration. T. Wilheit. J. Blinn (JPL), W. Campbell (US Geol. Surv.), A. Edgerton (Aerojet-Gen. Corp.), and W. Nordberg Sep. 1971 25 p refs Submitted for publication (NASA-TM-X-65742; X-651-71-417) Avail: NTIS CSCL 08K Measurements of the microwave emission from Arctic Sea ice were made with aircraft at 8 wavelengths ranging from 0.510 cm to 2.81 cm. The expected contrast in emissivities between ice and water was observed at all wavelengths. Distributions of sea ice and open water were mapped from altitudes up to 11 km in the presence of dense cloud cover. Different forms of ice also exhibited strong contrasts in emissivity. Emissivity differences of up to 0.2 were observed between two types of ice at 0.811 cm wavelength. The higher emissivity ice type is tentatively identified as having been formed more recently than the lower emissivity ice. Author N72-10277# Australian Atomic Energy Commission, Coogee. SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY D. W. Crancher, D. J. Higson, and L. H. Keher [1971] 22 p refs Presented at the 43rd Congress of the Australian and New Zealand Assoc. for the Advancement of Sci., Brisbane, Australia, 24 May 1971 (Conf-710511-1) Avail: AEC Depository Libraries Sources of environmental pollution are discussed, and a comparison is made between radioactive pollutants from nuclear industry and the pollution potential of alternative energy sources. including natural sources of contamination. Sources of air and thermal pollution are reviewed, and the generation and control of active wastes arising from mining and treatment of uranium ore. enrichment and fabrication of fuel, fission products, and fuel reprocessing is described. Environmental surveillance programs and measures taken to protect against accidents are discussed. NSA N72-10278# Belgian Royal Observatory, Brussels. Rene Dejaiffe, ed. 1970 243 P refs Partly in FRENCH, ENGLISH, and GERMAN Symp. held at Strasbourg, France, 15-20 Sep. 1969 Its Commun. Ser. A, no. 6 and Geophys. Ser. no. 96 Avail: NTIS Systematic studies of earth tides on a global scale are presented. Discussed are various indicating instruments and their utilization and reliability, causes of unequal measurements reported from different stations, indirect effects of oceans on tide measurements, and localized phenomena in tidal tilt measurements. For individual titles, see N72-10279 through N72-10319. N72-10279# Kyoto Univ. (Japan). OBSERVATION OF TIDAL VARIATION OF GRAVITY MADE IN SUOWA STATION, ANTARCTICA Ichiro Nakagawa, Seiichi Kakinuma, Keizo Yanai (Tohoku Univ.), |