of the book from which we copy it, and must also be the recommendation of the volume. When we say that the book con- . tains all of which it thus gives the promise, we say enough in its behalf. The successive volumes of this annual have been most laboriously and faithfully prepared, and they will serve a noble use for immediate reference and for permanent history.

INTELLIGENCE.

LITERARY INTELLIGENCE.

Recent German Literature. The press, during the last quarter, has brought an unusually large addition to our theological literature, as well in the new works as in the new editions and continuations of former ones that it has produced, and these from writers of the most different parties.

From the strict "Church" theologians, as they style themselves, (corresponding in their extreme opinions to the school at Princeton,) is to be noticed the first volume of Hengstenberg's "Christology of the Old Testament, second edition, 1854," from which we may cite, as exhibiting the position of this modern Orthodoxy, the views on the history of the Fall, the "Protevangelium," - which is treated as the first of the "Messianic Prophecies of the Pentateuch." The author opposes, indeed, the allegorical interpretation, that Satan took upon himself the form of a serpent; he denies that the curse," Dust shalt thou eat," is to be taken literally, and he rejects the old view that the seed of the woman designates the Messias. The serpent really tempted Eve, but as the instrument of Satan, whose fate is involved in its curse.

"To him who is at all acquainted with the sphere of the divine revelations, who has gained any view of the relation in which the books of Moses stand to the entire following development, it will seem at the outset inconceivable, that a doctrine, which later appears so important in the revelation, should not exist there, at least in germ. This is the more to be expected in advance, as we find already perfected in the Pentateuch the doctrine of the angel of the Lord, with which the doctrine of Satan is intimately united. Besides, the origin of the doctrine of Satan is lost, if it is set aside in the history of the Fall."

The author applies John viii. 44 to the temptation, rather than to the first murder, and believes, not only that the snake talked, but, instead of being an object of aversion, then walked erect. "It is from the first clearly probable, and agreeable to Satan's usual mode of acting, who loves to change himself into an angel of light, that he chose an interesting and attractive instrument for the temptation." This is against the view of Hofmann and Baumgarten, of the same school, who hold that the serpent was created before the Fall the same that it

was after; or, as Hofmann says, "that it only possessed as punishment after the Fall what it had by nature before the Fall," which stands in open contradiction to the text.-Ebrard, in his "Revelation of John," which forms the seventh volume of Olshausen's Commentary on the New Testament, claims to have first separated the question of the fulfilment from the exegetical one of explanation. "This has preserved me, as I hope, from that tendency-exegesis,' which reads its own Church views into the Apocalypse; among others, also, from that monstrosity of Hengstenberg's, who fancies that we stand already at the end of the reign of the thousand years. The demonstration that I have given, that the Pope cannot be the Antichrist, will also, doubtless, scientifically weigh heavier in the scales than his." Ebrard has also just published a new edition of Olshausen's Commentary on " the three first Gospels as far as the history of the passion.” Differing from his teacher, as he says, in the explanation of many single passages, and also in many parts of his fundamental view, he has placed his own opinions in brackets, given precision to Olshausen's expressions, and added many new notices. Keil's "Historic-critical Introduction to the Canonical Books of the Old Testament," may be judged of from its pretension to be the only work of its kind of late from the stand-point of a criticism that believes in revelation," and from its admission that Ewald, Hitzig, Thenius, and Bersheau "have in manifold ways advanced the philological and critical branch of interpretation, without understanding the spirit of the divine revelation." Guericke's "Complete History of the New Testament, second edition, 1854," is from the same school, but of how different a spirit is manifest from the remarkable declaration of this strict Lutheran in his pref

ace:

"I have not been able, on many points, to pronounce now so decidedly and confidently. If, however, I have at present, and just at present, decidedly opposed the new Tübingen school, (whose researches, ten years ago, I could scarcely incidentally refer to,) as far as could here be done within fixed limits, and without permitting the entire form of the book to be colored by such opposition, this does not stand in contradiction with my often uttered conviction of the so uncommon endowments, ability, and skill of its founder and representative. Yes, I even hesitate not to apply to myself, as opposed to Dr. Von Baur, the adage, that when kings build, truckmen have enough to do."

Here may also be mentioned, Hofmann, "Scripture Proof," -part first of the second half; Lange," History of the Church of the Apostolic Age," two parts; Kurtz, "History of the Old Testament," Vol. I., second ed.; "Handbook of Church History," Vol. I., second part,

third ed.

From the Tübingen school we have a reprint of Zeller's articles on the Theological System of Zwingli,' an able dissertation that fills a gap. On the great question of the day, Dr. Baur's "Christianity and the Christian Church of the First Three Centuries" gives the "results which have been brought to light by the latest critical researches in the field of the earliest history of the Church." It is needless to say that all the points at issue between the old school and the new, are here discussed. The author says: "My stand-point is in one word the purely historical, on which, therefore, the only thing to do is to represent what is historically given, as far as it is possible, in its

-

pure objectivity. The history is brought down to a period considerably later than the so-called " post-apostolic age," and the author intimates that, in future works, he may trace further the course of development of the Christian Church. Köstlin, in his " Origin and Composition of the Synoptical Gospels," is inclined, with Ewald, to place these at the end of the first century, rather than with Baur at the beginning of the second. On the vexed question as to the "Memoirs of the Apostles" used by Justin Martyr, which for the last seventy years has been discussed on both sides with such warmth, - and justly, as its decision is most important for determining the origin of our Gospels, — has appeared a Programme from Volckmar, "On Justin Martyr and his Relation to our Gospels." The author comes to the result that Justin used a peculiar Gospel, similar to that cited in the Clementines, but he does not hold that it was older than our synoptical Gospels, and he places it between Matthew and John. Hilgenfeld, "The Apostolical Fathers, an Inquiry into the Contents and Origin of the Writings that bear their Name," is a well-known laborer in this field. To these may be added Noack's "Biblical Theology," containing a popular summary of the negative results, as well as his "Christianity and Humanism," "The Christian Mystic," and "The Free Thinkers in Religion, Part I. The English Deists," which, following one another in such rapid succession, forbid one to expect much that is original or penetrating in their character.

"be

Between these two schools stand the so-called "modern," or lieving" theologians, of whom two classes may be distinguished. From those more inclined to a stricter theology, we have from Dorner, "History of the Development of the Doctrine of the Person of Christ," the second part, first division, "from the end of the fourth century to the period of the Reformation," with the promise that the concluding portion will soon be given. That Dorner does not belong to the old school is manifest from his assertion, "that the old Lutheran Christology is not yet perfect, and needs further improvement, no one capable of judging denies." Ullmann's" Sinlessness of Jesus"-so long known to us in a translation - now appears in a sixth, newly elaborated edition. So much has been entirely rewritten, that the book appears in form and substance quite altered. But perhaps the greatest difference from all the preceding editions is the view the author advances, page 164, and further advocates in the Appendix, that the Devil appeared and tempted Jesus in bodily outward form. The author expresses with much feeling the doubt whether, in the present position of the Church and of science, his work will find the welcome it has hitherto received. "The strife of creeds without and within, that which was really necessary and that which has been forcibly excited, has drawn away the interest to another side. Many of my contemporaries, too, even among the younger, are so shut up in the formulas of a ready-made system, be it a system of belief or unbelief, that they reject at once a foundation of faith."* The fifth edition of Harless's "Christian Ethics," is but a reprint of the fourth. C. F. Schmid's "Biblical Theology of the

*The Professor has recently retired from the University at Heidelberg, and is now Prelate in Carlsruhe; he will be succeeded next semestre by Prof. Rothe, of Bonn, whose successor, it is reported, will be Prof. J. P Lange, of Zurich.

New Testament," published after his death, contains the lectures he formerly read in Tübingen. The first volume treats of the life and doctrine of Jesus, the second, of his Apostles.

From the other branch of the middle school, we have Hase's "Life of Jesus," in a fourth and improved edition, 1854. "The additions to the new edition have mainly arisen in opposition as well to those who, in the enthusiasm of emancipation from the letter which had been regarded as divine, according to their ability deny to the New Testament even the historical facts, as also to those who, in their reverence for the Scriptures, often contrive only cunning subterfuges in order to protect the letter." From Meyer has appeared the third edition of his Commentary on Matthew, in which he says: "Continued occupation with the subject has led me to the decided conviction, that the participation of the Apostle Matthew in our first Gospel must be limited to that which in the fragment of Papias (in the interpretation of which the strict verbal sense is not to be departed from) is expressly attested as the work of the Apostle." In the second new edition of his Commentary on Romans, 1854, the author says: "The tendency-exegesis of the creed, which is again making itself more and more current, is closely connected with the Church revival of the times." He lays down the principle, "Scriptura Scripturæ interpres," and while protesting against presupposing in advance the Church-doctrine and Bible-doctrine to be identical, thinks that the doctrine of his Church agrees essentially with the system of Paul. From Umbreit we have a dissertation entitled "Sin,"- a contribution to the theology of the Old Testament. Especially must we call attention to "The Sources of Genesis, and the Mode of their Combination, newly investigated by Dr. Hupfeld, Professor in Halle." The author has here sought to restore the original text of Genesis, by pointing out the genuine portions of the same that had been heretofore overlooked, and removing others that had been falsely ascribed to it. He then considers the Jhvhistic portions, (the word Jehovah, which undoubtedly was originally pronounced Jahveh, or Jahaveh, the author writes with the simple Hebrew consonants, Jhvh, thus making this unutterable name actually unpronounceable,) and next, those of the later Elohist, and concludes with a criticism on the procedure of the compiler of the work. The author does not pretend to have finished the inquiry, but claims to have brought it upon a more correct path, and given it a surer basis. The book closes with an earnest warning to the reactionists, "who either reject at the outset all criticism of the Old Testament as soon as it conflicts with the Church tradition and their own presuppositions, as the product of infidelity and recklessness, or, for appearance only, but in fact guided by the very opposite principles, who practise the same only to destroy it." We cannot suppose that, on a subject which leaves so much room for subjective judgment, the results of the Professor will be universally received; but we rejoice that the investigation has been opened anew, and we welcome this contribution towards the attainment of the truth. From Alex. Schweizer, one of the chief writers on dogmatics of the present day, has appeared, "The Protestant Central Doctrines in their Development within the Reformed Church,- first half, the Sixteenth Century, 1854." This important and most thorough treatise, more historical than apologetic, exhibits the formation of these doctrines under the Reformers, and in their controversy with Catholics, Socinians,

and Lutheran receders. Wahl's "Philological Lexicon to the Apocrypha of the Old Testament" is highly commended; it is the first that has been made to the Apocrypha.

66

In addition to the works above given are to be named H. Schmid's Dogmatik, third edition, valuable as giving the sources of the doctrines of the Lutheran Church; Meier, " Manual of the History of Doctrines, second edition, revised by Prof. G. Baur, of Giessen, 1854"; Heppe, History of German Protestantism, Vol. II. from 1563-74"; also, "Confessional Development of the old Protestant Church of Germany, and the Present Condition and Work of German Protestantism." From Dr. T. Tobler, a physician, whose wonderful learning has been shown in the four volumes he has already published upon Palestine, in which all writers from the earliest to the latest times appear to have been consulted, we have, "Topography of Jerusalem and its Neighborhood,Vol. I. The Holy City.' Of the "Bibliotheca Patrum Græcorum Dogmatica have appeared Vol. I. prepared by the late Prof. Thilo, containing, in Greek and Latin, the select dogmatic writings of Athanasius, and Vol. II. edited by Dr. Goldhorn, those of Basilius and Gregory of Nazianzen, together with the Apology of Eunomius and the Synodal Letter of Amphilochius. Böhringer has just published the second part of his second volume of "The Church of Christ and its Witnesses, or Church History in Biographies." Five volumes had been already issued; the present (1854) contains the lives of Abelard, Heloise, Innocent III., Franciscus of Assisi, and Elisabeth of Thuringen. From Döllinger, a learned Catholic, we have "Hippolytus and Callistus, or the Roman Church in the First Half of the Third Century, with Reference to the Writings and Treatises of Bunsen, Wordsworth, Baur, and Gieseler." It is well known that the work Philosophoumena, which had been attributed to Origen, and by Bunsen ascribed to Hippolytus, which Gieseler holds to have been written after the year 157, is assigned by Dr. Baur to the Presbyter Caius. Döllinger agrees that Hippolytus was the author, and as the ninth book places the Roman Bishop Callistus in a rather unfavorable light, he endeavors to defend him in his inclination to Sabellianism. Bunsen seems to have offended the Orthodox Protestants as well as Catholics, Hengstenberg having raised against him the stale cry of pantheism, and Döllinger, who shows a profound acquaintance with the subject, pronouncing his book scientifically useless. A brief criticism of it in the "Literary CentralBlatt, No. 3," blames Bunsen for being so little historical and so polemical, thinks that the title does not correspond to the contents of the book, censures his attempting to defend the genuineness of the Syrian text of Ignatius's letters against almost universal contradiction, while it praises his vindication of spiritual freedom, his true evangelic tone, his proofs of thorough study, and considers as most valuable his remarks on the liturgies of the ancient Church. With an Introduction from D'Aubigné has appeared a "History of the Evangelical Church in Hungary from the Beginning of the Reformation to 1850, with Reference also to the Siebenburger, 1854." The printed and written documents which were put into D'Aubigné's hands he was obliged to transfer to another, who he says is a man "of true piety and sound judgment, full of Christian rectitude, honesty, and wisdom, in whom full confidence can be placed." The book abounds in references to authorities, and communicates many facts of interest heretofore unknown.