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ILLUSTRATIONS

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SIR ISAAC NEWTON..

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.Frontispiece

(From the bust by Roubiliac in Trinity
College, Cambridge).

CHALDEAN BAKED BRICK OR TABLET..

Obverse and reverse sides, containing record
of solar eclipse, 1062 B.C., used lately by
Cowell for rendering the lunar theory more
accurate than was possible by finest mod-
ern observations (British Museum Collec-
tion, No. 35, 908).

"QUADRANA MURALIS SIVE TICHONICUS'

With portrait of Tycho Brahe, instruments,
etc., painted on the wall; showing assist-
ants using the sight, watching the clock, and
recording. (From the author's copy of the
Astronomia Instaurate Mechanica).

PORTRAIT OF JOHANNES KEPLER

By F. Wanderer, from Reitlinger's "Johannes
Kepler." (Original in Strassburg).

DEATH-MASK OF SIR ISAAC NEWTON..

Photographed specially for this work from
the original, by kind permission of the
Royal Society, London.

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76

ANCIENT CHINESE INSTRUMENTS.

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Including quadrant, celestial globe, and two
armillæ in the Observatory at Pekin. Pho-
tographed in Pekin by the author in 1875,
and stolen by the Germans when the Em-
bassies were relieved by the allies in 1900.

SOLAR SURFACE......

As photographed at the Royal Observatory,
Greenwich, showing sun spots with umbræ,
penumbræ, and jaculæ.

SOLAR ECLIPSE, 1882...

From the drawing by W. H. Wesley, Secre-
tary, R. A. S.; showing the prominences, the
corona, and an unknown comet.

JUPITER...

...

From a drawing by E. M. Antoniadi, showing
transit of a satellite's shadow, the belts,
and the "great red spot" (Monthly
Notices; R. A. S., Vol. LIX., p. lx.).

COPY OF THE DRAWING MADE BY PAUL FABRICIUS

To define the path of comet 1556. After be-
ing lost for 300 years this drawing was re-
covered by the prolonged efforts of Mr.
Hind and Professor Littrow in 1856.

SIR WILLIAM HERSCHEL, F. R. S., 1738-1822....

Painted by Lemuel F. Abbott, National
Portrait Gallery, Room XX.

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GREAT Comet, Nov. 14, 1882 (EXPOSURE 2 HRS.

20 M.)..

By kind permission of Sir David Gill. From
this photograph originated all stellar
chart-photography.

176

HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY

Book I

The Geometrical Period

I. PRIMITIVE ASTRONOMY AND ASTROLOGY

THE growth of intelligence in the human race

has its counterpart in that of the indvidual, especially in the earliest stages. Intellectual activity and the development of reasoning powers are in both cases based upon the accumulation of experiences, and on the comparison, classification, arrangement, and nomenclature of these experiences. During the infancy of each the succession of events can be watched, but there can be no a priori anticipations. Experience alone, in both cases, leads to the idea of cause and effect as a principle that seems to dominate our present universe, as a rule for predicting the course of events, and as a guide to the choice of a course of action. This idea of cause and effect is the most potent factor in developing the history of the human race, as of the individual.

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