The plant and equipment furnished for steam and air hammers shall have sufficient capacity to maintain, under working conditions, the pressure at the hammer specified by the manufacturer. The boiler or tank shall be equipped with an accurate pressure gage, and another gage shall be supplied at the hammer intake to determine the drop in pressure between the gages. Pile hammers, shall be approved steam, air or diesel hammers that develop sufficient energy to drive the piles at a penetration rate of not less than inch (3.18 mm) per blow at the required bearing value. When steam, air or diesel hammers are used, the total energy developed by the hammer shall be not less than 7,000 foot pounds (9.49 kJ) per blow, except as specified below for concrete piles. Diesel hammers shall be operated with wide open throttles when blows are being counted for determination of penetration to use in the safe load formula, except that in the case of diesel hammers with enclosed rams, the throttle settings shall be just short of the settings that would cause nonstriking parts of the hammers to rise off the piles as the ram-piston travels upward. Piles shall be supported in line and position with leads while being driven. Pile driver leads shall be constructed in such a manner as to afford freedom of movement of the hammer, and they shall be held in position by guys or steel braces to insure rigid lateral support to the pile during driving. Except where piles are driven through water, the leads in general shall be of sufficient length to make the use of a follower unnecessary, and shall be so designed as to permit proper placing of batter piles. The driving of piling with followers shall be avoided if practicable and shall be done only under written permission from the Engineer. Stream, diesel, or air hammers used for driving concrete piles shall develop an energy per blow at each full stroke of the piston of not less than 3,500 foot-pounds per cubic yard (4.74 kJ per 0.764 m3) of concrete in the pile driven. No driving of piles shall be done within 20 feet (6.1 m) of concrete less than 7 days old. 551.16 Defective Piles. The method used in driving piles shall not subject them to excessive and undue abuse producing crushing and spalling of concrete, injurious splitting, splintering, and brooming of the wood, or deformation of the steel. Manipulation of piles to force them into proper position, if considered by the Engineer to be excessive, will not be permitted. Any pile damaged in driving by reason of internal defects, or by improper driving, or driven out of its proper location, or driven below the elevation fixed by the plans or by the Engineer shall be corrected by the Contractor without added compensation by one of the following methods approved by the Engineer for the pile in question: (1) The pile shall be withdrawn and replaced by a new and, when necessary, longer pile. (2) A second pile shall be driven adjacent to the defective pile. (3) The pile shall be spliced or built up as otherwise provided herein or a sufficient portion of the footing extended to properly embed the pile. Timber piles shall not be spliced without specific permission of the Engineer. All piles pushed up by the driving of adjacent piles or by any other cause shall be driven down again. A concrete pile will be considered defective if it has a visible crack, or cracks, extending around the entire periphery of the pile, or any defect which, as determined by the Engineer, affects the strength or life of the pile. 551.17 Cutting Off and Capping Piles. Tops of foundation piles shall be embedded in the concrete footing at least 1 foot (0.305 m) except where seals of concrete deposited in water are used piles shall project at least 6 inches (152 mm) above the top of the seal concrete. Piles shall be cut off level at the elevation indicated on the plans. The length of pile cut-off shall be sufficient to permit the removal of all injured material. The distance from the side of any pile to the nearest edge of the footing shall be a minimum of 9 inches (229 mm). When the cut-off elevation for a precast concrete pile or for the steel shell or concrete casing for a cast-in-place concrete pile is below the elevation of the bottom of the cap, the pile shall be built up from the butt of the pile to the elevation of the bottom of the cap by means of a reinforced concrete extension constructed as shown on the plans. Steel shells or concrete casings for cast-in-place concrete piles shall be cut off at the designated elevation before being filled with concrete. Cut-offs of steel bearing piles shall be made at right angles to the axis of the pile. The cuts shall be made in clean, straight lines. After the project needs have been met, the pile cut-off lengths not needed for construction shall become the property of the Contractor and shall be removed from the project. 551.18 Protecting Untreated Timber Trestle Piles. The heads of untreated piles shall be given one of the following treatments, type A being used unless otherwise provided on the plans or in the special provisions: Type A treatment.-The sawed surface shall be heavily coated with red lead paint, after which it shall be covered with cotton duck of at least 8-ounce (0.23 kg) weight, which shall be folded down over the sides of the pile and firmly secured thereto with largeheaded roofing nails. The edges of the duck shall be trimmed to give a neat appearance. The duck shall then be waterproofed by being thoroughly saturated and coated with one or more applications of red lead paint. Type B treatment.-The sawed surface shall be thoroughly brushcoated with two applications of hot creosote oil or other approved perservative. 551.19 Protecting Treated Timber Trestle Piles. All cuts and abrasions in treated timber piles shall be protected in accordance with AWPA standard M4. 551.20 Painting Steel Piles. Unless otherwise provided, when required steel piles extend above the ground surface or water surface they shall be protected by three coats of paint as specified for cleaning and painting metal surfaces in Section 555. This protection shall extend from the elevation shown on the plans to the top of the exposed steel. Method of Measurement 551.21 Timber, Steel, and Precast Concrete Piles: (a) Piles furnished.—The unit of measurement for payment for furnishing timber, steel, and precast concrete piles will be the linear foot. The quantity to be paid for will be the sum of the lengths in feet of the piles, of the several types and lengths ordered in writing by the Engineer, furnished in compliance with the material requirements of these specifications and stockpiled in good condition at the site of the work by the Contractor, and accepted by the Engineer. The number of feet to be paid for will include the lengths of test and tension piles ordered by the Engineer but not the lengths of those furnished by the Contractor at his option. No allowance will be made for that footage of piles, including test piles, furnished by the Contractor to replace piles previously accepted by the Engineer that are subsequently lost or those that are damaged prior to completion of the contract while in stockpile, or during handling or driving, and are ordered by the Engineer to be removed from the site of the work or disposed of otherwise. In case extensions of piles are necessary, the extension length will be included in the linear footage of piling furnished, except for cut-off lengths used for extensions and otherwise measured for payment. (b) Piles driven.-The unit of measurement for driving timber, steel, and precast concrete piles will be the pile. The number of driven piles to be paid for, including test and tension piles, will be the number of piles shown on the plans or ordered in writing by the Engineer to be driven at the site of the work, driven and cut off in compliance with the requirements of these specifications and accepted by the Engineer. Measurement will not include test piles driven at the option of the Contractor unless such test piles comply fully with the requirements specified herein and are accepted by the Engineer as becoming part of the completed structure. Unless otherwise indicated, preboring, jetting or other methods used for facilitating pile driving procedures will not be measured directly, but will be considered as subsidiary to bid schedule items. 551.22 Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles. The quantity of cast-inplace concrete piles to be paid for will be the actual number of linear feet of piles cast and left in place in the completed and accepted work. Measurements will be made from the point of the tip of the pile to the bottom of the cap or bottom of the footing as the case may be. Portions of piles cast deeper than required through over-drilling procedures will not be measured for payment. 551.23 Pile Shoes. The quantity of pile shoes to be paid for, including test pile shoes, will be measured as the number of pile shoes shown on the plans or ordered in writing by the Engineer, furnished by the Contractor in accordance with the materials requirements of these specifications and in good condition in stockpile at the site of the work, and accepted by the Engineer. Pile shoes furnished by the Contractor at his option will not be included in the quantity measured for payment. No allowance will be made for pile shoes furnished by the Contractor to replace pile shoes previously furnished and accepted by the Engineer that are subsequently lost or those that are damaged while in stockpile or in handling prior to completion of the contract and are ordered by the Engineer to be removed from the site of the work or disposed of otherwise. 551.24 Load Tests. The quantity of load tests to be paid for will be the number of load tests completed and accepted, except that load tests made at the option of the Contractor and load tests made to calibrate diesel or other designated types of hammers, when test loads are not included in the bid schedule, will not be included in the quantity measured for payment. Anchor and test piling which are not a part of the permanent structure, will be included in the unit price bid for each "Test Load". Anchor and test piling or anchor and test shafts, which are a part of the permanent structure, will be paid for under the appropriate item. 551.25 Splices. The number of splices measured for payment shall include only those splices which may be required in order to drive the piling in excess of the estimated lengths shown on the plans for C.I.P. Steel pipes or shells or in excess of the order length furnished by the Engineer for all other types of piling. Splices made for the convenience of the Contractor will not be paid for. Splices made to fabricate piles from cut-offs will not be paid for unless ordered by the Engineer. Basis of Payment 551.26 The quantities, determined as provided above, will be paid for at the contract price per unit of measurement, respectively, for each of the particular pay items listed below that is shown in the bid schedule, which prices and payment will be full compensation for the work prescribed in this section, except that when the bid schedule does not contain an estimated quantity for splices in pipes, shells or piles, any such splices ordered by the Engineer and acceptably completed will be paid for as provided in subsection 109.04. Payment will be made under: Pay item 551(1) Untreated timber piles, furnished.. Pay unit Linear foot. 551(6) Untreated timber sheet piles, furnished 551(7) Treated timber sheet piles, Linear foot. 551(13) Precast concrete piles, driven preservative, furnished 551(8) Structural steel sheet piles, furnished 551(14) Untreated timber sheet piles, driven Linear foot. Linear foot. Linear foot. Each. Each. Each. Each. Each. 551(15) Treated timber sheet piles, driven 551(16) Structural steel sheet piles, driven. 551(17) Precast concrete sheet piles, driven Each. Each. Each. 551(18) Precast, prestressed concrete piles, driven---- Each. Each. Linear foot. Linear foot. Linear foot. Each. Each. Each. Linear feet. Section 552.-STRUCTURAL CONCRETE 552.01 Scope. Description This work shall consist of furnishing, placing and finishing concrete in bridges, culverts and miscellaneous structures in accordance with these specifications and conforming to the lines, grades and dimensions shown on the plans. Concrete shall consist of a mixture of portland cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, admixtures when required, and water mixed in the proportions specified or approved by the Engineer. 552.02 Classes of Concrete. (a) Classes of concrete.-Eight classes of concrete are provided for |