Mr. DAVIS. They do a great deal of propaganda in neutral countries. For instance, most of South America has been pretty well cleared of German agents, but there seems to be quite a nest of them in Argentina.

Mr. RABAUT. How many are on their staff?

Mr. DAVIS. German agents?

Mr. RABAUT. Yes.

Mr. HAMBLET. Something like 200 on the staff in their propaganda mission in Lisbon.

Mr. RABAUT. Two hundred?

Mr. HAMBLET. Two hundred; and the Japanese have about 50. We have been informed they have been trying to hire a local man who was hired by our office. They have been offering him $25 an hour to monitor the American broadcast.

Mr. BARRETT. We have a report here on German propaganda in the neutral countries which runs to about 25 pages.

Mr. TABER. I do not believe we ought to have that in the record unless the committee would like to have it.

Mr. WOODRUM. Is there any objection to it?

Mr. TABER. Except in perhaps it is too long.
Mr. BARRETT. It can be edited.

Mr. WOODRUM. I think that is the kind of matter we should put in the record to justify the appropriation of money. Can you summarize and digest it a little bit and make it useful for the record? Mr. BARRETT. Yes.

(The statement referred to follows:)

Some of our enemies, especially the top people in Berlin and Tokyo, know they cannot win the total war they started against us. But they still are convinced they can prevent us from winning. Even as the war continues, they are working hard to spoil our victory, and, at the same time, to prepare the way for still another try at total war against us. They are so sure of their ability to do this that they make no secret of their game. In their propaganda to their own people and to the neutrals, they are broadly hinting that though the Americans may beat them on the field of battle, they-the Germans and the Japanesewill snatch victory from defeat by outsmarting us in the field of politics. The chosen instrument for this outsmarting is propaganda. What the German and Japanese armies, navies, and air forces failed to do, their informational services expect to do with bullets directed, not at bodies, but at thoughts and feelings.

Our enemies have an idea of war very different from ours. To them, peace is not the normal state of affairs of a nation; war is not a painful and undesirable interruption of peace. To them, "shooting war" is the continuation of permanent aggression in another form; to them, war and peace differ only in calling for use of somewhat different weapons in a permanent war to advance aggressively their ideas of national interest. During a war, they add military aggression to the weapons they have already been using in time of "peace"-informational and propaganda aggression, economic aggression and political aggression. The idea of total war is a part of the larger idea of permanent war. Since Nazi Germany and militarist Japan are always at war, the only difference between so-called peace and so-called war is the addition of real bullets to the bullets of propaganda, political and economic combinations. In time of "peace," a large number of Germans and Japanese work indirectly for victory; in time of war, everybody and everything works directly for victory.

This is not a theoretical statement. It is a simple statement of fact based on large quantities of material in the possession of the Office of War Information. A single example is illuminating. The Germans know that Spain has great influence in Latin America. They know that sympathy for Germany, felt in cultural and professional circles in Spain, will be reflected in many countries south of the Rio Grande. They also know that pro-German feelings in Latin America may prevent us from maintaining friendly and profitable relations with the American peoples of Spanish stock: they have the evidence of recent events in

Bolivia and Argentina. So, even though the top Nazi military and political leaders realize that they cannot win the present war, they are already beginning the job of wrecking the peace for us in Spain and, through Spain, in Latin America. A few weeks ago German representatives in Spain were ordered by Berlin to induce Spanish scholars and professors to study the German language and culture. Carrying out these orders, offers are being made to Spaniards of university professorships at obviously padded salaries in Germar. institutions of learning. Bribes thinly disguised as cultural contributions are being given to strengthen the German-language faculties of Spanish schools and colleges.

It is quite plain that these are the tactics which were used in the late 1930's in various countries to prepare the way for the Second World War. It is also plain that the Germans are using them again because they are convinced they can beat us politically and economically in the period "between wars"-the period before the next total world war. Even if the settlement after the present war rules out further Nazi military aggression, the Germans still count on building bulwarks against any growth of sympathy for us and our friends. Such sympathy means friendliness among the nations-something the Nazis and Japanese do not want. It means peaceful trade and commerce for us-something the Nazis and Japanese want for themselves.

For those who consider it inconceivable that the Germans should imagine that they can escape from the consequences of their defeat in the present war, the simple answer is that they did escape from the consequences of the last defeat. And all evidence points to their use again of tactics which were successful for them either after the First World War or before the Second. The tourists who flocked into Danzig, who swarmed into the Sudetenland, and turned up in the Polish border regions in the 1930's are now reappearing in one form or another in Scandinavia, Spain, Portgual, and Turkey. Whereas the earlier "travelers" were instructed to pave the way for victorious German arms, the new ones are ordered to poison the minds of neutrals against us so that Germany may prepare a springboard for another try. For example, 17 cultural attachés have recently arrived in Turkey to swell the total of many score Nazi agents.

A huge organization in Germany is responsible for the so-called "informational" activities abroad. Theoretically, the Foreign Division of the Ministry of Propaganda in Berlin does the work. In fact, however, it is only one of a number of similar agencies which flood the neutral countries with radio broadcasts, pamphlets, leaflets, news-service material, newspaper subsidies, etc. Among these are: the Foreign Organization of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs which is divided into eight regional departments and additional functional departments for teachers, workers, writers, lawyers, doctors, the Nazi Party office for Foreign Politics; the Reich Committee for Tourist Traffic; the German Academic Exchange Service; the German Foreign Institute of Stuttgart and the Peoples Organization for Germans Abroad.

The German Library of Information, ostensibly a nonpolitical organization, lists its "literature" titles on 66 pages, single-spaced, of legal-size paper. Of these, more than a quarter are outright propaganda. Printed propaganda includes three types of material. First, books published by the Germans, Japanese, the satellites and their subsidiary organizations, or published in occupied and foreign countries through publishers wholly or partly openly or secretly, controlled by the Nazis and Japanese. An example is a book called Germany featuring 120 photographs of German art and industry, and costing $4 a copy to produce. Second, booklets and leaflets printed in 12 languages. Third, magazines like Signal which is issued in at least 16 languages.

In close coordination with incessant radio propaganda against America, these publications have in recent months stepped up what is becoming a thunderous barrage of defamation and distortion of everything American. For example, the English edition of Signal dated January 1944 bears on its cover an old Brady photograph of General Grant with the caption, "America's military strategy. Lt. Gen. U. S. Grant, the man responsible for the first total war. Signal tells you about him and the 'Anaconda plan' in this issue." Pages 12 to 17, inclusive, profusely illustrated, carry an article by Walter Kiaulehn on the so-called Anaconda system, accusing General Grant and General Sherman of having conceived and practiced war on innocent women and children.

Few subjects have received as close attention on the German, Japanese, and satellite radio recently as the theme of distortion of America. In every news broadcast, the European listener receives an enemy-angled story about America, our war effort, our war aims. Favorite themes are fear of American imperialism,

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disbelief in American promises, impressions of American weakness, disbelief in American military prowess. Under the heading of our imperialism, neutrals are being told that we are fighting to strengthen our world economic position selfishly at the expense of our allies as well as our enemies. They are warned that we intend to keep all the bases we are said to have "grabbed." They are told that so-called liberation will mean nothing more than slavery to America. We are described as a Nation of crass materialists who will retire into fanatical isolation while demanding all sorts of economic advantages from the rest of the world. The Nazis twist and distort the picture of everyday American life into a nightmare of internal dissension and corruption. The favorite current theme is that American generals are fools and knaves, and that American soldiers are ill-behaved ruffians and vandals who do not know how to fight, who do not know what they are fighting for, and who want only to go home and get away from the war forced on them by Roosevelt and the Jews.

During the week ending April 8, German radios told neutral listeners that American soldiers show complete lack of restraint in looting churches and museums. Again and again broadcasts hammered at the accusation that we have no culture of our own and hence, destroy Europe's culture wantonly because we do not understand it. To vary the theme, other listeners were told that we carry out the alleged destruction because we are envious of European culture.

Estimates of the total sum spent annually by the Nazis on propaganda are difficult because so many of the expenditures are concealed in the budgets of "innocent" organizations. However, the authoritative English magazine, the London Economist has suggested that the total spent every year on all propaganda is about $540,000,000.

Perhaps the most remarkable aspect of the German propaganda effort, particularly in neutral countries, is its coordination-the smooth integration within it of all the instruments at the disposal of Nazi Germany. In Turkey this is especially noticeable. The Germans work among themselves with the Turks not merely as members of a propaganda machine but as integrated units in a great propaganda team on which every German in the country from the Ambassador down to the least important clerk in the smallest German business house plays the position assigned to him. Smooth, elastic, this teamwork shifts as the situation shifts. Completely cynical and ruthless, the Germans set out to get and hold Turkish good will, and to poison Turkish minds against the Americans. At least several hundred Germans are engaged full time on propaganda to the Turks. Six specialized news services are at work in the country, two of them funneling the German line directly into the Turkish newspapers. One of these news agencies and not the largest-spends about $11,100 monthly in Istanbul, There is a large radio operation, beamed on daily schedules from Berlin and satellite capitals, seven daily newscasts and a continuous flow of good musical programs. Other experts work with the Turkish motion-picture industry, with the periodical press, with booksellers and magazine distributors. German films are designed for the Turks, German products are advertised in such a fashion as to provide bribes.

The Germans operate a most efficient rumor factory in Ankara where they work constantly on Turkish Government officials, parliamentary deputies, and other important personages. We are said to have junked the Atlantic Charter and sold out the small nations. We are described as the betrayers of any nation which makes the mistake of trusting us. Our growing military might is set forth as preparing the way for a third world war. And through all these themes runs the constant refrain that we are coarse, immoral, unreligious barbarians—a combination of savage Indians, wild westerners of the frontier tradition, racketeers, and gangsters who are deliberately turning air warfare into a massacre of innocent civilians, especially women and children.

German propagandists in Turkey work hard to win the sympathy and friendship of Turkish Army officers; the German military and naval attachés, General Rhode and Admiral Marvitz, entertain lavishly. Top-flight Turks get a cut of the German commercial pie: Krupps are represented by a Turkish banker and a Turkish former diplomat. The Germans cultivate newspapermen, professors, doctors, authors, scientists. They offer professorships and fellowships, subsidies, and outright bribes. They bring to Turkey some of their best musicians, artists, singers, and entertainers. They overlook nothing which will gain them goodwill. The German hospital, twice as large as the American hospital, is supervised by the German consul general. During last winter's typhus scare, the German press attaché rushed thousands of units of typhus vaccine from Germany for distribution to the relatives of all "sympathetic" newspapermen.

It is not possible to estimate exactly the costs of the Nazi propaganda, but there are indications aplenty that it is a very large sum. Two hundred kilograms of gold arrive in Istanbul by airplane every Monday morning consigned to the German Embassy. It is reported that to cover propaganda expenses, the Germans import each month gold to the value of 2,000,000 Turkish pounds, and they have 100,000 gold florins taken from occupied countries. (A florin is worth from $16 to $19; the Turkish pound about 0.54 cents). Individual German propagan lists are well paid. Their expense accounts are almost unlimited. One of the news agencies, the Transkontinent Press, has a monthly telephone bill of about $4,444. Another, the official DNB Agency, operates at a monthly cost of $17,000. The Turkische Post, German-language newspaper in Istanbul, costs about $4,000 monthly while the expenses of Beyoglu, formerly run by the Italians and now by the Germans, are $4,200 monthly. Nor do these expenses add up to the total of what the Germans are able to spend for propaganda in Turkey. In fact, though not in form, the diplomatic and press staffs of the satellite countries are also working for Berlin. For example, the Nazis use the Rumanian news agency, Rador, when they do not wish to use their own channels; and the Vichy newspaper, Stamboul, is one of the best Nazi propaganda sounding boards.

Another neutral country which is singled out for special attention by the Nazi propagandists is Sweden. Propaganda is conducted both directly from Germany and from centers within Sweden, notably the press and cultural sections of the German legation and the German cultural center. The most obvious form of propaganda is widespread free distribution of pamphlets. Some are produced in Sweden in Swedish, but most are edited and printed in Germany in Swedish as well as German. The incoming material arrives either through the mails or through the legation which ruthlessly misuses diplomatic courier privileges for propaganda purposes.

Propaganda by newspapers and periodicals is also extensive. German daily newspapers are brought into Sweden in large quantities, most of them mailed free of charge to Swedes. On the other hand, large numbers of German propaganda magazines are sold commercially. Most important among these are the military publications, Der Adler, Die Wehrmacht, and the Swedish edition of Signal which has a circulation of 30,000. The spreading of these magazines is facilitated by advertisements in the Swedish press. In addition, the German Information Bureau puts out a rather elegant publication, Tyska Roster (German Voices) which has a circulation of 50,000. There is also the Tysk Revy (German Review) printed in Germany in the Swedish language, as well as the Pressedienst Nord, Die Deutsche Stimme, and a number of trade journals. The press section of the German legation also distributes press summaries as well as articles and news items to the Swedish newspapers. Broadcasts in Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, and Finnish are handled by an organization called Sendergruppe Nord. German radio propaganda in Swedish is broadcast daily from Koenigsberg and Weichsel as well as by short wave. German films constitute another medium of propaganda. The UFS Co. has expanded its Stockholm branch and many propaganda films are shown. The UFA Journal since November 1941 has been equipped with Swedish dialogue and now also contains some purely Swedish film material. In addition to their regular films and newsreels, the Germans arrange private showings of motion pictures to which different categories of people are invited.

The Germans invest large sums of money and considerable work to exploit Swedish newspapers, periodicals, and books for their propaganda. Publishers are either subsidized directly for the printing of books or indirectly through the purchase of a large number of copies. There are a number of German dummy publishing companies, and some entirely dependent on the Germans. A certain number of Swedish intellectuals have been won or bought over to placing their talents at the disposal of the Nazi. Recently the Germans stepped up their radio propaganda to Sweden, placing a large amount of advertising in the Swedish press. Window displays in Stockholm and provincial cities have also recently been supplied with new material. The Germans particularly stress cultural propaganda. Academicians, scientists, and leading cultural personalities are sent on lecture tours. Musical groups are sent to Sweden, and large concerts under the baton of the best German conductors are arranged. Scientific and technical literature is made freely available and a constant effort is made to impress university, student, and literary circles. The German legation frequently holds fashion shows in large banquet halls with large attendance and much ballyhoo. The basic task of the prapaganda at present is to keep Sweden neutral or, at least, to make sure that she will not join the United Nations. At this

moment, a vigorous campaign is under way against Secretary Hull's Easter speech and against American pressure to prevent Sweden from helping Germany economically. In general, everything is done to convince the Swedes that Americans are materialistic, soft, sensation-seeking, boastful, frivolous, and worse. The Germans have played up race disputes, labor strife, and all the most disagreeable aspects of American life. They have sought to make light of our war effort, in every way possible to lampoon our people and institutions, to throw doubt upon our sincerity and aims, and to question our plans for the post-war world.

In Spain, the Nazi propaganda machine is helped by the sympathetic attitude toward fascism of the sole political party, the Falange, which has control of all channels of communication and of propaganda channels such as the press, radio, and motion pictures. The German press office in Madrid has a staff of more than 150 persons. In addition to this office, there are many Nazi "cultural" institutions and a large number of open and disguised propaganda agents attached to the local German consulates in all the major Spanish cities. There are also 20 German newspaper correspondents who operate in intimate relation to the Nazi propaganda machine. This large total of German propaganda agents constitutes but a part of the total personnel working for Nazi interests since many Spaniards are even more active and vigorous Fascist propagandists than the Germans themselves.

Propaganda bulletins put out by the Germans in Madrid occupy first place in their output. These bulletins supplement the extensive use by the Spanish press of German news material. The output of pamphlets and booklets is enormous. Every type of argumentation is used from the cartoon and graphic representation to the supposedly scientific and philosophical treatise. The Nazis issue regularly a number of magazines and periodicals of which the most important are the Spanish edition of Signal with a monthly circulation averaging 125,000, Legiones y Falanges and El Aguila. The Germans also put out a large and varied collection of special hand-outs, humorous publications, and novelties. Cartoon posters and special broadsides, timed to coincide with celebrations and similar occasions, are frequently issued. In addition to all this Spanish-language material, certain German-language material is widely distributed.

Main themes are: The threat of American, British, and Soviet rule of the world and the alleged antagonism of the United Nations to religion, particularly the Catholic Church. Recently the number of special attacks against the United States has increased. This has been particularly true while delicate economic negotiations between Washington and Madrid have been going on. Spaniards have been told we are a country run by atheists, crooked politicians, and strikebreaking capitalists; we are stripping Latin America of its resources and the Latin American peoples of their freedom; we assaulted and destroyed the Spanish Empire in 1898 and we have always been an aggressive nation; we are now trying to coerce and blackmail the Spanish Government and people.

Some Spanish newspapers are subsidized by the German Embassy, others are bribed, others are dummies. The pattern in Madrid is duplicated in most of the German consulates-special press representatives, "cultural" organizations and groups, outlets for commercial publication and distribution. Reading rooms in hotels throughout Spain are laden with up-to-date Nazi propaganda material. And the whole system is woven together by a special propaganda courier service operating between Spanish cities, and also between these cities and German and north Italian cities. Beginning on January 15 of this year, the Germans increased their radio transmissions to Spain and Portugal. They also started broadcasting to Spain on medium wave from Toulouse in France. All the transmissions are advertised in the Spanish newspapers and magazines. Two of Spain's largest radio broadcasting stations, Arganda and La Coruna, are controlled by the Germans. The most recent German radio schedule provides 4 hours daily of uninterrupted output to Spain at peak hours of the day. Campaigns to increase the audience and stimulate audience interests have recently been stepped up.

The gigantic German informational and propaganda services have their counterpart in the Far East where the Japanese maintain extensive propaganda services which carry out a persistent and aggressive effort to poison the minds of the Chinese and the peoples of India against America and the United Nations. Japanese radio services to both occupied and unoccupied China are impressive. Forty-six stations put out programs in four dialects of Chinese, Japanese, Hindustani, Russian, English, and four European languages. In addition, the strongest type of pressure has been used by the Japanese in occupied China to force the Chinese to listen to the propaganda broadcasts. In Peiping, for example, every family possibly able to do so is required to buy and use a cheap long-wave radio receiving set.