the purpose) was brought close to the inner Jews driven into the flaming structures where wall. The falling bridge was let down, and they perished. Having thus satisfied the Godfrey and Eustace stood among the first on miserable superstition of the day, it appears the walls. Almost at the same time had Tan

cred and Robert of Normandy made a breach in to have occurred to the assembled Christians the gate of Stephen, and from both sides the that something more was necessary than a Christians met in the streets. The men of Pro- mere division of the spoil-ovz aɣáðov äоkν– vence had not yet accomplished the same feat xoigavin. The 23d of July was appointed on their side; but lo! there appeared in the for the foundation of a Christian kingdom in Mount of Olives a knight in bright armour the Holy Land; but another subject was waving his shield over Jerusalem, and then forced upon the council by Arnold the Northese also succeeded in their conquest."

man and other priests, who wished first to settle the ecclesiastical constitution. Arnold

We would willingly draw the curtain over in fact wanted the patriarchate, and though a the scenes that followed. Raymond himself man of notoriously profligate manners, flattersays, were he to speak what he saw he should ed himself that his easy patron, Robert, not be believed. The knights, in the porch would obtain it for him. But the assembled of Solomon, were up to the knees of their princes proceeded to the election of a king. horses in blood. There is something melan- The information given to us on this point by choly in the joys of fanaticism, but its revenge Dr. Sybel is very important; we shall follow is deadly. Even Godfrey himself set the him in his narration. It was to be expected example of slaughter, and the only person that the most prominent character among the who at any time during the few days that Christian leaders should be the one on whom succeeded the capture objected to bloodshed the eyes of the rest would be turned as their was Tancred; and he did so, not from any chief, nor was there one so powerful at that feelings of humanity, but because he had time as Raymond of Thoulouse; to him, pledged his knightly word that certain pris- therefore, was the crown offered, but he deoners should not be sacrificed. Religion- clined the glittering prize, using the words the religion of the period--was not now for- afterwards used by Godfrey, that he would gotten. The army poured its thousands to not wear an earthly crown in that place all the spots consecrated by the Saviour's pas- where the Saviour had been crowned with sion and miracles. Princes put on white thorns; but stating that if any other person robes, and did penance for their misdoings were elected, and were willing to reign, he the multitude vowed to live without sin for would not offer any opposition; nor was the future. Alms were abundantly given by there any improbability in this assertion, for the rich, and each one thought that he could his piety was exactly of this external kind. now die in peace, having been permitted to On the other hand it would not be difficult see the holy city in possession of a Christian to point out reasons of a more worldly charpower. Now too we meet with the last his-acter. Raymond knew thoroughly his advertorical mention of Peter the Hermit. The saries, that they were both numerous and multitude once more remembered with grati- powerful; he had but a slight hold on his tude his almost forgotten preaching, and offer- Provençal troops, who would endeavour, as ed him veneration as the awakener of the feelings of Europe on behalf of the oppressed Jerusalem. The Patriarch, who had just returned from Cyprus, recognized his old friend, and thus closes the account of this variously estimated man. Such were the transactions of the day on which the city was taken. One of the most interesting periods of the history now opens upon us. Palestine was now in the power of the crusaders, and eight days after the capture of the holy city the chiefs assembled to decide on a form of government, or rather on the choice of a sovereign. During those days every demand, which the religious belief of the Latins made upon them, was obeyed. All the prisoners, women and children as well as men, were put to death; the city was washed, and public thanksgivings offered up. The synagogues were burnt as well as the mosques, and the

he well knew, to frustrate his election. The Count of Thoulouse having thus refused the crown, it was next, according to Henry of Huntingdon, offered to Robert of Normandy, but the testimony of this one writer can hardly be held sufficient to overbalance the silence of all the contemporaneous historians.

"The Duke of Lorraine and Brabant was next applied to, and he expressing his willingelected, without opposition from the part of any ness to undertake the proposed charge, was other prince, Protector of the Holy Sepulchre; the royal title and a pompous coronation were waved, according to one authority by the pious wish of the barons, according to the general belief by the humble feeling of the prince himself. The foundation of a Christian kingdom in the Holy Land, surrounded by heathen countries, was then solemnly proclaimed.”—p. 494.

A few weeks of rest were all that could be

allowed after the election, for news soon arrived that Al Afdal was making warlike preparations, which, though indeterminate as to their object, were yet exceedingly formidable. It was said that his intentions were to gather together a vast army-to retake Jerusalem and Antioch-to annihilate the Franks -and to lay waste the Holy Land, that no traces of its former beauty should remain to invite the approach of western Europe. His array, in point of numbers, was formidable indeed, and it soon appeared that he really intended what had been reported of him. The accounts of his army vary from 200,000 to half a million, but they were held together by no bond of union, no feeling, and appear to have been dispirited even before the appearance of their enemies. Godfrey, with at most 20,000 men, took his march to Ascalon, and there, after a sanguinary engagement, the enemy were entirely routed; 36,000 were left dead on the field, and the city, together with immense treasures in gold and silver and a large quantity of warlike stores,

fell into the hands of the Christians.

which courts of justice are spoken of, and those in which the existence of a commons or tiers état is recognized.

"Godfrey, as the Assises assert, established two temporal courts of justice, the higher or feudal, and the lower or civil court. The former, which had to decide the suits and differed over by himself, and the judges and assessors ences between knights and vassals, was presidwere such knights and vassals as had taken the oath of allegiance to him. The second court was presided over by a viscount appointed by him, and who was obliged to be a knight and a royal vassal. The judgments were, however, pronounced by the wisest men of the city who of the civil court take at present. And because had previously taken the oath which the jurats the barons and knights, and on the other side the burgesses, persons of a lower origin, could not be judged according to the same system of jurisprudence, Godfrey decided on making two Assises, one for the supreme or feudal, the other for the burgess, or civil court."—p. 518.

that in certain cases of difficulty the trial by With the exception of this last clause, and the Assises of Jerusalem breathe a spirit of battle was permitted, it must be allowed that practical impartiality and very considerable lenity; even these were concessions to the spirit of the age, without which the whole code would have been useless. Dante, by code would have been useless. Dante, by dle ages produced, did not altogether deny far the most enlightened man whom the midthe possible interference of divine justice in

Godfrey now freed, at least for the present, from external foes, turned his attention to the framing of a constitution for his own kingdom. Robert of Normandy and he of Flanders, Eustace of Boulogne and finally Raymond of Thoulouse, announced their determination to leave the Holy Land. They took their leave of Godfrey, and departed the way that they came, viz: along the sea-coast towards the north. With their progress home-answering the trial by battle, and as to the ward, which in the hands of Dr. Sybel be- difference established between the knight and comes very interesting, we have in our pre- to a trial by their peers. Godfrey was active baron and the burgess, it amounted merely sent article no further concern. We shall briefly notice the institutions by which God- not only in his own person but by deputy frey governed his newly erected dominions; also; he took care that in every city and and on this subject, though we have informatown throughout his new dominions these tion enough to lead us to form a general out- two courts should be established. According line of the system he adopted, we are not in to some authorities he allowed the Syrians possession of sufficient to trace all its minute the use of their own laws, but of this, as Dr. Sybel observes, the Assises make not the The Assises of Jerusalem, of which the slightest mention; the passage upon which best edition is that by Canciani,* are the chief the opinion is founded is the following. Daif not the only authorities upon this topic. poi venne il populo de li Soriani al conspecto These Assises are a collection of laws and del rè del ditto reame et supplicó et rechiese, uses, frequently called the Letters of the Ho-i piacesse che i fusseno menati secondo ly Sepulchre, from the place where they were deposited; they were revised in 1260 and 1369 for the use of other states, and it is this last revision that is in print. The laws themselves were for the most part characterized by wisdom and sound policy; the most important passages are, however, those in

ramifications.

l'usanza di Soriani, &c.-i. e. then came the people of the Syrians before the king of the said country, and supplicated and entreated him that it might please him that they should be governed according to the custom of the Syrians. Now on this passage Dr. Sybel observes that it must refer to some transaction later in date than the reign of Godfrey, as the expression "king" plainly proves, a That by Thaumassiere, in '1690, is the only edition title which Godfrey never used in his Assises,

The edition of Canciani is an Italian translation.

of the original: it appeared in Paris.

and expressly declared that "he would not

wear a golden diadem where the Saviour had | both to himself and his kingdom, for though worn a crown of thorns." The assertion too his reign lasted hardly a year, it was evident is at variance, not only with the spirit of the that fatigue and hardships had impaired his age and the characters of the individuals, but powers, and repose was more necessary than also with the tenour of the system of law then the toils of government. He was seized by and there established, as a little attention to a quartan ague, which speedily exhibited fatal Dr. Sybel's work will amply prove. symptoms.

"But of far more importance is the foundation of a commonalty, (in the before quoted passages attributed to Godfrey,) as an integral part of the state, at least in the general acceptation of them. It is certain that the word frequently occurs in the Assises, and that they once compare their commons to those of Venice, Genoa and Pisa."p. 519.

"To deliver and to protect the holy sepulchre, not to reign over an earthly kingdom, was his wish, and the disorder from which his taking on him the cross had healed him, now attacked him again, and as then it removed him to the earthly, so now did it remove him to the Heavenly Jerusalem. There are indeed rumours of a more worldly kind, and it has been said that the heathen, whose weapons had been powerless against him, removed him by fouler means out of their way. Albert speaks of a pomegranate after eating which he was taken ill. In France as well as in Armenia, it was confidently reported that he had been entertained with poisoned dishes; but the English author, from whom we obtain our information of his last illness, speaks out decidedly that God had called the duke to himself."-p. 533.

The establishment of municipal corporations with their peculiar laws and privileges, together with the gradual changes in their institutions as the government passed from the hands of one sovereign to those of another, next occupy the reader, by no means the least interesting chapter in the book before us, and from the information which has come down to us on this subject, the author is enabled to throw a strong light on the credibility of A few reflections as to the character of Albert and Ekkehard. But when these laws this excellent man may not be misplaced by were established there arose difficulties of way of conclusion to this paper. another kind. Dagobert the patriarch open- It is impossible to read through the history ly declared that he must have one-fourth of his life without feeling the strong resempart of the city of Joppa as a means of sup-blance between him and the hero of Virgil. porting his metropolitan dignity, and when The same title might have been given him, this was granted, he asserted that a temporal for Godfrey was eminently pious according governor in the Holy City was an anomaly, to the piety of his age; he commands a cold and that a spiritual person- alone could rule respect but no vivid interest. Tancred was there; this he asserted was no new claim, in truth the hero of the first crusade as Tasso inasmuch as the same demand had been has been its historian; even the chivalric but made by the clergy before the siege; he even too easy Robert gains our affections more went so far as to say that he required only to readily than the faultless Duke of Lorraine. be reinstated in those rights which the Mos- Radulph of Caen describes him as being lem emir had respected. Now in one sense humble as he was brave, a holy monk in a this was true, as in consequence of a treaty warrior's armour, and the same in his ducal between Constantine Monomachos and the robes, and here indeed every part of the hisEgyptian Caliph Daher, a part of Jerusalem tory confirms the verdict. He was out of had been appointed for the exclusive resi- his sphere; had he been a bishop or a dence of the Christians, and the jurisdiction lawyer, his name would probably have of the patriarch over them had been confirm- reached us with no small honour; he was a ed. However unreasonable the demands of good king because he was a good man; but Dagobert might be, it is not the less certain when the sceptre passed from his hands to that he gained his end, and by a treaty made the energetic grasp of Baldwin, then Dagobetween the parties Godfrey became only bert found he had a lord and Jerusalem a the second person in his own dominions. monarch. With the death of Godfrey Dr. The wisdom of the sovereign seems to have deserted him, and he entangled his successor in the same difficulties by executing a will in favour of the patriarch. But his life was drawing near to a close; more than once had he been affected by the heat of the climate, and at the time he took upon him the cross he had long been the subject of a lingering and painful disease. It may be said, and said justly, that his death happened fortunately the same pen.

Sybel closes his work, which forms an unpretending volume of erudition, usefully applied, and agreeably illustrated. There are portions of his investigations in which he differs and differs greatly from other writers, but never without strong and sufficient reason; the style too is at once perspicuous and eloquent, and we shall look forward with hope to see a history of the second crusade from

ART. III.-Kaschmir und das Reich der Marco Polo, as he is called, visited Greece Siek von Carl Freiherrn von Hügel. and Syria, where he caught the plague, Hallberger, Stuttgart. traversed the major portion of the Indian peninsula, the charming island of Ceylon, "WHO has not heard of the vale of Cash- and the East India islands, then passed over mere?" That green El Dorado of delight, to New Holland, after which he sailed northwedded to immortal verse by our own Moore, wards to China, and returning from thence that spot conjectured by not a few to have to Bengal, crossed the Himalaya to Cashbeen the Eden of Scripture, at the mention of mere.

which the rigid lineaments of the Brahmin The valuable collection of specimens of are said to relax into a transient smile of rap-natural history, antiquities and curiosities, ture; Cashmere, the whilome summer re- now lodged in the Imperial Library at Vienna, sidence of the luxurious court of Delhi, with to the number of thirty-two thousand, bears its hanging gardens and gay palaces, once witness that he was by no means idle. Many illumined by the presence of "the young of our English readers are probably already Nourmahal" where the gorgeous tints of acquainted with the interesting geographical the Indian Flora lie embosomed in their notices communicated by him to the Asiatic mountain frame of sombre Alpine vegetation, Journal of Calcutta. and where nature has showered down all that can gladden the heart and eye, and minister to the wants of man. Yes; we have all read of it, dreamed of it, but, alas! "Fuit Ilion."

We find him on the 21st of June, 1835, at Massari, south of the Himalaya chain, waiting for the Pervanna, a passport from Runjeet Singh, to enter his territory across the Setledj.

The volumes before us profess to give an At first he had intended to proceed over impartial description of the valley as it stood the Himalaya by the Berenda pass, a route in 1836, the latest period, as far as we are never before taken by any European. The aware, of any European having been thither. monsoon however sets in before he can obtain Different alike in country, qualifications the requisite document, and when it does at and object, have been the travellers that have length arrive, the season was too far advancseverally presented to the world the result of ed to permit his attempting the pass in questheir personal observations in Cashmere tion. He determines therefore to go by way since Father Xavier, the Spanish jesuit, who of Belasper, a town picturesquely situated in was the first European to penetrate to this a fruitful valley on the banks of the winding remote region some three centuries ago, in Setledj. To the eastward of this place rise the suite of the Emperor Akbar. The gracefully shaped mountains, crowned with French physician Bernier, the missionary old robber castles, like the hills of his native Desiderius, the adventurous George Foster, Rhine. Amongst them the colossal Bondelah the ill-starred Moorcroft, and subsequently stands proudly conspicuous. "On his topVictor Jacquemont and the converted Jew most heights lives an invisible Beyragi Wolf, have each in their turn contributed to Gossain, or 'penitent hermit,' who from time our store of information on the subject. But to time shakes his locks; at this the whole no traveller came better fitted for the task valley trembles, houses fall, and mighty fragthan Baron Hügel; with a highly cultivated, ments of rock, which, according to the tradideep-thinking mind, and scientific acquire- tion of the inhabitants, are ashes shaken from ments beyond any of his predecessors, he the head of the Beyragi, dash down from the combines the talent of a shrewd and intelli- summit of the mountain." gent observer. As we follow him, we are not merely presented with a fund of entirely new facts and remarks, but at the same time are agreeably surprised with a grace of style and power of description, seldom joined with the practical spirit of discovery, and the minute researches of the naturalist; while we are irresistibly taken by the affecting tone of sadness, so peculiarly adapted to the description of a land fair as heaven, of a people by nature noble, who, though sunk for centuries under the deadening, degrading yoke of barbarians, still retain deep traces of a glorious past.

He crosses the Setledj on a large raft with his followers, nearly a hundred in number, including jägers, butterfly catchers, animal stuffers, gardeners, and all such persons as were requisite for the fulfilment of the main object of his expedition. The route then pursued is by Jualamucki and Nurpur, and across the Pir-Panjal pass into Cashmere.

This march is a good deal interrupted by the vexatious laziness and refractoriness of the baggage carriers, which he vainly attempts to cure by the argumentum ad baculum." In this posture of affairs, his secretary, a Brahmin, reduces them, as if by magic, to the The book is an episode in the six years' sense of their duty. The solution of the travel of Hügel, during which this modern mystery is given, and throws light on the

VOL. XXVIII.

4

strange influence exercised by this sect in in the warm breath of the Indian atmosphere, India. and on the eastern firmament were reflected the glowing rays of the still hidden sun. A moment more, and all nature was alive, not as in northern climes, languidly struggling into life through a tedious twilight; no, with one magic stroke from night it became day, from deep sleep, lively awaking. The bulbul in clear and friendly tones saluted the morning, the golden mango bird began his heart-rending plaint, the variegated meynar flitted chattering from tree to tree, the glittering parrot swept through the air, and noisy apes swung from bough to bough. In the thicket sported the blue merlin, and the solitary thrush cried his last farewell to the departing night. Proud peacocks strutted along upwards to carry to the sun nature's earliest the plain, while the black lark soared joyously good-morrow."

"When all was again in motion, and we were following the caravan through a forest of palms, I inquired of the Brahmin how he had so instantaneously succeeded in overcoming their obstinacy. His answer was that he had opened his Angrica and displayed to view his triple cord, the badge of his sacred order, exclaiming at the same time, I am Thakir-Das a Brahmin, and servant of the great king (point ing to Baron Hügel), dare ye then refuse to serve him for one day, to whom I devote all my life; ye who are but Zemindar (peasants), and I a Brahmin ?" "

In pursuing his vocation as a naturalist, our traveller is more than once in imminent danger of losing his life. On one occasion his jäger fires at him in some bushes by mistake, but fortunately without any dangerous consequences. At Nurpur again hearing something buzz past overhead in the dusk of the evening, he levels his piece and brings down not a bird, as he had expected, but a hideous vampire. The inhabitants poured out from their houses at the report of the gun, and finding what he had done, rushed on him with frightful yells and imprecations to avenge this, in their eyes, impious piece of sacrilege. Fortunately no stones were at hand, or he would infallibly have fallen a prey to their fanatical fury; meantime putting his back against the wall, he manages to keep off the ringleaders with his gun, until he succeeds in explaining that he had shot the holy monster by mistake, by which he succeeds in pacifying them. Two English officers not long ago met with a more tragical fate at Mattra. In this place the ape is held sacred, and consequently it is infested by swarms of these animals, who annoy the wayfarer with impunity. One old fellow, more daring than his brethren, attacked the officers, who shot him dead. The people rose in a twinkling, while they, to save themselves from being stoned, ordered their elephant driver to swim the animal over the river Jumna; the current proved too rapid, and elephant and all were lost.

We cannot resist quoting the following description of a pretty scene not far from Cotoa.

to

66

The following remark will be interesting ornithologists:

Among some extraordinary birds, none of brought a most diminutive Buceros, a bird, eaten which however were new to me, my jäger ness. by the women here as an antidote for barrenI opened his stomach, and found, as I always have in these birds, nothing but vegetable sustenance; in opposition to the idea of naturalists, who have concluded the grotesquely long bill was given it for the purpose of catching lizards."

At Moradpur Serai he enters the former high-road from Lahore to Cashmere. This place is one of the stations built by the Emperor Akbar to serve as a resting-place in his progresses to the valley, and which are described at length by Bernier. It is now in ruins; indeed, of all these once magnificent houses of entertainment, the one at Alihabad, or Badhi Schahi Serai as it is commonly called, is the only one now in preservation. We will by the bye here advert to the error committed by Moore in his Lalla Rookh. He makes all the Mongul monarchs, in their "annual migrations," pass through the lovely valley of Hassein Abdoual, which route would have conducted to Cashmere by Mazufferabad and the Baramulla pass, whereas it is almost certain that they always went by the way of Bimbur, and the Pir-Panjal.

After passing the parallel ranges of RatanPanjal and Pir-Panjal, with the thermo"The foreground was composed of two or meter in the morning as low as 18°, he three isolated dates, and a large impenetrable reaches Rampur, where he is met by a party group of trees. In front of these my tents were of Siek soldiers, despatched by the governor pitched, crowded with men of all colours and to escort him to the capital. This was another costumes, from the gorgeous Sïek and Mahom- of the many proofs of attention which Runjeet edan to the simply but elegantly dressed Hin-Singh paid our traveller; among other things, doo, one and all busily engaged in breaking up that monarch sent him orders for several the camp. In the back-ground the fortress hundred rupees, which etiquette compelled (Patancotta) mounted aloft, while the Hima

layan Alps showed their majestic form sharply him to accept, in order to avoid giving insult. outlined against the dark blue twilight of the The house which had been assigned to him morning heaven. The whole picture was laved for his abode during his residence, lay on the