to buffet" the very Apostle whose act the opinions of all former critics, of delivering another to the same English and foreign. Paley's wellpower is now under discussion. At the same time large powers over the world of spirits were authoritatively conveyed by our Lord to his immediate followers (to the Twelve, Luke ix. 1; to the Seventy, as the results showed, ibid. x. 17-20). known Hora Paulina; Mr. Smith's (B.) AUTHORITIES FOR THE and best is the Rev. Thos. Binney's LIFE OF ST. PAUL. Lectures on St. Paul: his Life and A very long catalogue might be made of authors who have written on St. Paul; among whom the follow-lowing may be named:-Ewald, in ing may be recommended as of some his Geschichte des Volkes Israel, vol. independent value. In English, the vi., and his Sendschreiben des Aposwork of Messrs. Conybeare and How- tels Paulus; Wieseler, Chronologie son, on the Life and Epistles of St. des Apostolischen Zeitalters, which is Paul, is at once the most comprehen- universally accepted as the best work sive and the most popular. Among on the chronology of St. Paul's life Commentaries, those of Professor and times; De Wette, in his EinleiJowett on the Epistles to the Thes- tung and his Exegetisches Handbuch; salonians, Galatians, and Romans, Neander, Pflanzung und Leitung der and of Dean Stanley on the Epistles Christl. Kirche; works on Paulus, by to the Corinthians, are expressly de- Baur, Hemsen, Schrader, Schnecksigned to throw light on the Apostle's enburger; and the Commentaries of character and work. The general Olshausen, Meyer, etc. In French, Commentaries of Dean Alford and the work of Salvador on Jésus Christ Dr. Wordsworth include abundant et sa Doctrine, in the chapter St. matter upon every thing relating to Paul et l'Eglise, gives the view of a St. Paul. So does Dr. Davidson's modern Jew; and the Discourses on Introduction to the New Testament, St. Paul, by M. de Pressensé, are which gives also in great profusion able and eloquent. SUPPLEMENTAL HISTORY OF THE APOSTLES AND EVANGELISTS, AFTER THE DESTRUCTION OF JERUSALEM. A.D. 70 AND ONWARD. § 1. ST. JOHN, the survivor of the fall of Jerusalem. § 2. Three periods of his history-His early life. § 3. His life with Christ-The Sons of Thunder-Peter and John. § 4. St. John in the Acts-His departure from Judæa. § 5. St. John at Ephesus-His exile to Patmos. § 6. Traditions of St. John-Legend and time of his death-His title of Theologus-St. John the Evangelist. § 7. ST. ANDREW. § 8. JAMES the son of Zebedee. § 9. ST. JAMES THE LESS-His identity with James the son of Alphæus and James the brother of our Lord. § 10. The Apostle JUDE, the same as Lebbæus and Thaddeus. § 11. SIMON THE ZEALOT, or the CANAANITE-Identity of the epithets. § 12. Judas Iscariot, and his successor ST. MATTHIAS. § 13. PHILIP the Apostle. § 14. BARTHOLOMEW, the same as NATHANAEL. § 15. MATTHEW, the same as Levi the Publican. § 16. THOMAS, surnamed Didymus. § 17. BARNABAS. § 18. Writers of the Gospels: when styled Evangelists-i. John, surnamed MARK-ii. LUKE. § 19. The Seven Deacons "-i. ST. STEPHEN-ii. PHILIP the Evangelist-iii. 66 PROCHORUS-IV. NICANOR-V. TIMON-VI. PARMENAS-vii. NICOLAS, and the sect of the Nicolaitans. § 20. TITUS and TIMOTHY. § 1. The epoch of the destruction of Jerusalem, at which the Son of Man visited as a judge the city that had rejected its King, and inaugurated that spiritual kingdom upon earth which had now been established in churches gathered from every nation of the civilized world--that epoch does not close the New Testament History. One Apostle, of those whose names are prominent in the foundation of the Church, not only remained upon the earth to fulfill his work, but the more special part of that work-according to the views generally held of the date of his writings-may be said to have been but just beginning. It was not till the foundation of Christianity was historically complete, that the Apostle JOHN was divinely commissioned to utter prophecies of its future course, and to develop in his Epistles and Gospel those doctrinal aspects of our Lord's teaching which were needed to correct the heresies now rapidly taking their rise. As John the Baptist proclaimed the advent of Christ by the preaching of repentance to a degenerate people, so did John the Apostle recall churches that had already forsaken their first love and declined into heresy and vice, to prepare for His second coming. § 2. The prominent place filled by ST. JOHN in the Gospel history, as one of the four disciples who formed the innermost circle of our Lord's friends-the EKλεKT@V ÉKλEKTÓTEPOL - and the high distinction of being" the disciple whom Jesus loved," might raise our surprise at reading so little of him in the Acts, did we not reflect that his special work is to be sought for in his writings. The portion of his life which stands out in the broad day-light of the Gospels is preceded and followed by periods over which there brood the shadows of darkness and uncertainty. In the former, we discern only a few isolated facts, and are left to inference and conjecture to bring them together into something like a whole. In the latter we encounter, it is true, images more distinct, pictures more vivid; but with these there is the doubt whether the distinctness and vividness are not misleading-whether half-traditional, halfmythical narrative has not taken the place of history. In most passages of the Gospels, John is named in connection with his brother James; and from the prevailing order it is inferred that he was the younger. Their father was Zebedee, their mother Salome, whom tradition makes the 1 1 Matt. iv. 21, x. 3, xvii. 1, etc.; but in Luke ix. 28 the order is inverted. 66 daughter of Joseph by his first wife, and consequently the halfsister to our Lord." They were brought up at Bethsaida, on the lake of Galilee, the town of that other pair of brothers— the sons of Jonas-who were to share with them the Lord's closest intimacy, and with whom we find them partners in their occupation of fishermen. The mention of the "hired servants," of Salome's "substance," of John's own house," implies a position removed by at least some steps from absolute poverty. The fact that John was known to the highpriest Caiaphas-as that acquaintance was hardly likely to be formed with a disciple of Christ-suggests the probability of some early intimacy between the two families. Of Zebedee we know nothing beyond his interposing no refusal when his sons were called to leave him; and his disappearance from the Gospel narrative leads to the inference that his death set Salome free to join her children in ministering to the Lord. Her character presents to us the same great features that were conspicuous in her son. From her-who followed Jesus and ministered to him of her substance, who sought for her two sons that they might sit, one on his right hand, the other on his left, in his kingdom'-he might well derive his strong affections, his capacity for giving and receiving love, his eagerness for the speedy manifestation of the Messiah's kingdom. The early years of the Apostle were passed under this influence. He would be trained in all that constituted the ordinary education of Jewish boyhood. Though not taught in the schools of Jerusalem, and therefore, in later life liable to the reproach of having no recognized position as a teacher, no Rabbinical education, he would yet be taught to read the Law and observe its precepts, to feed on the writings of the Prophets with the feeling that their accomplishment was not far off. For him too, as bound by the Law, there would be, at the age of thirteen, the periodical pilgrimages to Jerusalem. He would become familiar with the stately worship of the Temple, with the sacrifice, the incense, the altar, and the priestly robes. May we not conjecture that then the impressions were first made which never afterward wore off? Assuming that there is some harmony between the previous training of a prophet and the form of the visions presented to him, may we not recognize them in the rich liturgical imagery 2 Epiphan. iii. Hæres. 78. By some recent critics she has been identified with the sister of Mary, the mother of Jesus, in John xix. 25. 3 Luke v. 10. Mark i. 20; Luke viii. 3; John xix. 27. 5 Matt. iv. 21. 7 Matt. xx. 20. comp. chap. xix. 6 Luke viii. 3. note 138. of the Apocalypse-in that union in one wonderful vision of all that was most wonderful and glorious in the prediction of the older prophets? Concurrently with this there would be also the boy's outward life as sharing in his father's work. The great political changes which agitated the whole of Palestine would in some degree make themselves felt even in the village town in which he grew up. The Galilean fisherman must have heard, possibly with some sympathy, of the efforts made (when he was too young to join in them) by Judas of Gamala, as the great asserter of the freedom of Israel against their Roman rulers. Like other Jews, he would grow up with strong and bitter feeling against the neighboring Samaritans. Lastly, before we pass into a period of greater certainty, we must not forget to take into account that to this period of his life belongs the commencement of that intimate fellowship with Simon Bar-jonah of which we afterward find so many proofs. That friendship may even then have been, in countless ways, fruitful for good upon the hearts of both. 9 § 3. We have already seen, in the history of our Saviour's life, that John was probably one of the two disciples of John the Baptist (the other being Andrew) who were the first to obey their Master's direction to the "Lamb of God," and we have traced the chief incidents in his course as the disciple of Jesus Christ. Of the four who enjoyed their Lord's especial intimacy, while Peter appears as the leader of the apostolic band, to John belongs the higher distinction of being "the disciple whom Jesus loved;" and this love is returned with a more single undivided heart by him than by any other. If Peter is the φιλόχριστος, John is the φιλιησοῦς. Some striking facts indicate why this was so,-what was the character thus worthy of the love of Jesus of Nazareth. They hardly sustain the popular notion, which is fostered by the received types of Christian art, of a nature gentle, yielding, effeminate. The name Boanerges implies a vehemence, zeal, intensity, which gave to those who bore it the might of Sons of Thunder 10 That spirit broke out once and again,-when they joined their mother in asking for the highest places in the kingdom of their Master, and declared that they were able to drink of the cup that he drank, and to be baptized with the baptism that he was baptized with," when they rebuked one who cast out devils in their Lord's name,1 because he was not Grotius, Proleg. in Joann. 10 Mark iii. 17. 11 Matt. xx. 20-24; Mark x. 35-41. 1: Luke ix. 49. |