Indians of Minnesota contain white blood. The Indians on the reservations in New York State probably have more white than Indian blood in their veins.

Provincialism must necessarily become less and less pronounced as the peoples of different countries learn more and more about and mingle with the peoples of other countries. This was ordained when the steamboat, electricity, the aeroplane and other inventions brought the countries of the world together. One result of this closer contact which will accompany the elimination of space will be that the problems of each country will become the problems of the world.

This interdependence of peoples is already felt in ways that would have seemed impossible one hundred years ago. A few examples will suffice to illustrate this condition: a disaster to the Gloucester fishing fleet brings hardship to the Cubans who depend upon the cod of the Grand Banks for part of their food; a hurricane destroys the banana crop of Central America and causes real distress among the poor of New York and Boston; a severe drought in Argentine brings death to the great herds of cattle of that country and the prices of meat and shoes go up throughout the world; a prolonged strike in the woolen mills of England reduces the output of cloth, and the poor of France and Italy must suffer, and so on.

The war has shown that even now no country is entirely independent. Moreover, who can doubt that even the disadvantages of climate and environment may, to a considerable degree, disappear as the result of mechanical appliances, just as in some of the cotton mills of Alabama the air is cooled in summer by ice machines and is provided with the amount of moisture required for the best weaving of the cloth.

The possibility of artificial selection must not be overlooked in any consideration of the future of the human race, for if mating is determined by the Government, the improvement of the race may be rapid and striking. All familiar with the great number and diverse varieties of pigeons, of dogs, of goats, of horses, of cattle, and of plants which have been produced, almost at will, by artificial selection will understand the possibilities of a great modification in the form, structure and intellectual power of our race if eugenics are compulsory and selections are

wisely made. One must curb the imagination when forecasting the outcome. If our social organization becomes as perfect as that of some insects, this will doubtless be done. Who knows what the functions of the State of the future may be? This is a great, unknown factor, but when the vast stretches of time during which the race will probably exist are considered, it does not require a vivid imagination to picture this human product of artificial selection as super-men and super-women. Without artificial selection, however, the man of the future will probably differ little from the people of our own time.

The geological history of ants offers a suggestion as to what may be in store for our descendants. Ants preserved in amber, the fossilized gum of the pine in which they were entrapped in Oligocene times, perhaps three millions of years ago, are said to be in all respects like the ants of today; their physical form cannot be distinguished from that of their modern relatives, and their social organization was so far advanced that the workers, the queens, and the males had the same characters as now. With the completion of mental and physical evolution the social evolution of the ants progressed until it went further than it has among human beings. (It is possible, however, that physical evolution came to an end because of their social habits). When carefully analyzed our present day civilization and social organization are seen to be in many respects, -some would say in most respects,-illogical, uneconomical, and unjust, and consequently unstable. The old order,the product of individualism,-when every man works for himself and not for the State, is passing away and society is becoming adjusted to new and more permanent conditions.

What, then, will be the future of the human race? If, as has been suggested, one can find a parallel in the evolution of bees, ants, and other social insects, one gets a glimpse into the future; and if, as the history of other animals teaches, man has nearly or quite reached the limit of the mental and physical development of which he is capable by natural means, it seems inevitable that the future will be largely spent in perfecting his social organization. But before this adjustment can be completed many false steps will have been taken,-some so unfortunate that, for a time, the right road will have been lost,--but such errors, although destructive to many individuals and the

cause of untold sufferings, will be warnings to prevent similar mistakes. One can hazard the prophecy that at some time, perhaps less remote than some of us think, the individual will be an integral part of the social machine; that all will work for the common good; and that the food and the housing will be the same for all. In the bee-hive when the colony realizes that the drone is not necessary for its perpetuation he is driven away or is actually put to death, and this is also the fate of other individuals who are not contributing to the well-being of the colony. One wonders what will be the fate of the lazy, the vicious, the insane, and the permanently disabled in the human society of the future. However, one must not carry the parallel too far, for man is unique among animals in the high development of the brain.

But what will be the result if, in order still further to promote its efficiency, this society of the future regulates marriage so as to produce strains that will more effectively do its work? The possibilities are startling. As the great draft horse and slender race horse have been developed by careful selection, so one human strain might be developed for great physical strength, another for manual dexterity, and still another for intellectual power; of this last some would have an aptitude for invention, some for executive work, some for literature, and some for other lines of intellectual endeavor.

There seems no likelihood that this future society will be for the proletariat, as the Bolsheviki teach, nor, on the other hand, will it be for the bourgeoisie, but in this perfected organization search will doubtless be constantly made for talented men and women in order that all may profit by the work of genius. When one takes his mind from the things of the present and allows himself to think of the thousands and perhaps hundreds of thousands of years during which man will probably inhabit the earth, he realizes that the race is in the infancy of its social evolution, and he can form some feeble conception of what lies before it.

HERDMAN F. CLELAND.

A PICTURE OF RUSSIA

BY PRINCESS CANTACUZÉNE-SPERANSKY

WHEN I went to Russia I found the inhabitants of the villages I visited, a simple childish crowd, working only when they must, always in debt to the village usurer, singing or sleeping in their spare hours, drinking when they owned money or could borrow it, and leading a life which intellectually was starved, but which nevertheless had its picturesque and artistic sides, and its advantages of great space and good air and the beautiful frames of forests and the fields, which went to inspire the song and the legend of Russia generation after generation. On this primitive base was built up a structure of great brilliancy and a culture as advanced as that of any other part of Europe, for the Russian was talented beyond all other people and he absorbed and digested any intellectual nourishment within his reach.

Strangely enough, between the aristocrat and the peasant living near him, there existed a free masonry of patriarchal relations, making our country life ultra-democratic. These two classes were left out in the scheme of government, which consisted of an autocratic sovereign with a bureaucracy, which made the machine of administration. The nobility might shine at court, but they had no particular influence in politics-and the peasant might do the work of the nation, but he was the last element that was thought of by those above. So the two often drew near to one another, and felt a mutual trust which made for protection on one side, and faithful service on the other. Living off by themselves through many months of the year, far from the bustle and traffic of great cities, they grew to understand and help one another in many ways. I noticed, for instance, in our village that the doctor sent by the Government was not believed in by the people, who were afraid

of him, yet they would take any medicine or go to any doctor who was ours-and for many years we kept a house doctor in the chateau to whom our people flocked with all their troubles. Meantime the man furnished by the Government to look after them led a lonesome life.

It was the same about schools. Those set up by the Government under the Ministry of Education were avoided by the people when possible-while any schools founded and carried on by proprietors' efforts and under proprietors' eyes were enthusiastically attended.

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, one of the favorite methods of developing Russia had been by the importation of so-called colonists. These groups of foreigners, some French but many more German, were brought into the country and established over its surface in villages or districts which were given them as their own. Here they always lived as they had in their home countries, intermarrying, speaking their old language and keeping their national ideals. Germans especially made the neighborhoods in which they settled, feel the heavy hand of their domination. Usually these colonists were disliked intensely by the peasantry around them.

When war with Japan came in 1904 and mobilization occurred among our villages, I was surprised to see the lack of interest shown by soldiers who were going away to fight. Apparently they knew nothing about where they were going, nothing of the Japanese whom they were to fight, nothing of the reason for the war. Yet all of them went at the first call, arguing simply that it was for the "Little Father" that they were being dragged away. It seemed a touching tribute to the one ideal which had been kept before them, that they so willingly gave their lives for it, though with such vague understanding of the cause.

In 1914 it was different. We knew the Germans, and had felt their heavy hand on many occasions. Superintendents of estates were often Germans. Many of the bureaucrats were of the same extraction, and all along the frontiers our peasantry had had endless difficulty with their neighbors. This was everybody's war, and everybody was keen to get the better of a foe who through long centuries had been the oppressor. From the beginning, however, there were German spies and German propaganda at work. At the moment war was being discussed there was a strike in