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building are a former Hampton property. The State University grounds and others were donated by the Taylors-largely Thomas and his brother, Capt. James Taylor. Though I think most of the plantations were kept intact, all three were in the legislature at the time and Taylor-Hampton won out.

Both Taylor and Sumter left each other strictly alone until they were the last surviving officers of any rank surviving. Then popular demands practically forced them to shake hands. You will not find this in any history, but I believe it is substantially correct.

In regard to Washington's motivation, strictly hearsay, and family tradition: My grandmother, Chandler Nee Croft, always said we were some sort of Cousin to George. He was not an Uncle, but a Cousin. This grandmother lived to be 89 years, 11 mos. and some days, but when I was quite young, she had a stroke, followed by at least two more, which left her speech impaired, but she heard and understood a great deal that went on and occasionally would burst out with words much to the point, even if not always pleasant. She had a chair on the front porch. It was the summer of 1919 and father's first trip to Johnson City, Tenn., after his discharge from the Army. Chan Exum, a Cousin, was there, I recall, still in uniform of a private, but out of the Army. Uncle Exum was there and a number of other gentlemen. The talk got on the proposed "League of Nations." Most were in favor even though one or two doubted its feasibility. Eventually, the talk drifted to George Washington. Eulogies began to flow unanimously, we thought, when grandma reared up and said, "Well, Washington wasn't good to his family." The facts seem to be that on the death of Washington's niece, grandchild of Augustine's first marriage and Lawrence Washington's daughter, Washington who was her guardian got the usufruct of her entailed estate. As the oldest, he had a duty to give his younger brothers and sisters a start in life. Washington seems to have failed to do this. He gave them land in what is now West Virginia, then Indian country. Some of them had little education and some of their descendants are said to have signed with their mark. A number of these people are now in D.C. They are excellent people and one of them seemed to know something of the story and had heard of the rather shabby treatment his forebears had received. Later, of course, Jefferson got the Statute of Primogeniture repealed-Jefferson's father was a younger son.

All of this seems to prove that no man is perfect or even always first. After all, George Washington married a widow and was not first in the affection of all his nearest blood kin, proving that no man can be first in everything.

The upshot is to retrocede the District of Columbia to Maryland. The title to the federal buildings could be held. Even old Washington, and Georgetown, can be kept under the Federal Government. The government can keep what they want. The Pentagon in Virginia causes no trouble nor does the NIH, Naval Medical, etc., in Maryland cause any trouble. The government could retain control of such part of the District as it chooses and the rest be given back to Maryland as Arlington County was. The division of financial responsibility will be the problem between the State and Nation. It can be made very attractive for Maryland and will solve the problem of making a state a rump with no bottom out of the District as it then would be.

This point should be carefully considered and an aggresive move will astound the do-gooders, etc., and may kill the problem for some time. It is at best worthy of previous consideration and will really help our top-heavy government. II. My personal experience, slightly in Brief, is as follows:

I was born in Shreveport, Louisiana August 2, 1904. I graduated from Shreveport High School. I have received the following college degrees: A.B., L.S.U. ; LL.B., Tulane U. Law School; LL.M., National University Law School; LL.M., George Washington University. I have been admitted to practice in the states of Louisiana and Texas, Guam, the District of Columbia, and the Supreme Court of the United States.

I was called out as 1st Lt. Inf. Res. and ordered to an M.P. School at Arlington. but I had no luck and was discharged in May 1942-non-service connected heart disability. I took a Civil Service exam and accepted a position in War Foods at the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Most of my work was a waste of time and government money. I was solicited to join the American Legion and became a Post Judge Advocate looking after Veterans Preference cases. Later I was Asst. Dept. J. A. I joined the "40 and 8." On the refusal of the Civil Service to recognize Veterans Preference in War Service Appointment Separations in force at the end of World War II, I helped draw the original complaint in the case of

Elder, et al. v. Brannan, Secty. of Agriculture. As I felt sure, the D.C. District Court sustained an exception of No Cause of Action and dismissed the complaint. An Appeal was taken to the U.S. Court of Appeals. I then left for Guam in November 1947 to be Condemnation Attorney of the Naval Government of Guam, Marianas Island. I returned on leave and married in January 1949 and went back on duty for another year. My wife joined me shortly thereafter and we had a very happy time there. She was a member of the Congressional Press Gallery representing Science Service, a Scripps-Howard Foundation, and arranged a trip to Janan where I believe she was the first newswoman attached to the tremendous staff of General MacArthur. Her interests were not military, but scientific. She wrote articles on the scientific developments in Japan during and after the War on such subjects as Mickey Mottos Pearls; what the little girl called the "venerable” disease; hydroponic farming; astronomy, and so on. It was a nice thing for her. At the end of my contract in March 1950 before the Korean War broke out, we returned home the long way-saw something of the world. A wonderful trip. My mother-in-law was very anxious for us to return and it was important to do so not only from a personal but for business reasons. Martha resumed her work with Science Service and I got admitted to the D.C. Bar.

The Elder case had been won in my absence in the Court of Appeals but both sides appealed to the Supreme Court. Both appeals were granted. I was anxious that we appeal also, but it may have been a mistake. We wanted a sweeping decision. When the appeals were granted a newspaper had an editorial that our suit would ruin the Civil Service Regulations. I still think we stated a cause of action and that if two minor lawyers could wreck the Civil Service, perhaps it was not a bad idea if an abuse of law existed. The Supreme Court reversed the Court of Appeals decision. Black noted a dissent. Elder and I argued this case. Another case I argued before the Supreme Court was Ex rel Eaton v. Price, Chief of Police of Dayton, Ohio, an appeal from the Supreme Court of Ohio. This was an opposition to a writ of habeas corpus. The Court split 4 to 4. one Justice writing an opinion in our favor, a very unusual sten. Technically, we lost, but since the prisoner was not rearrested, I guess we hit pretty well. My colleague before the Court was an Attorney, native, I believe, of South Carolina's 4th Congressional District.

I have more free time and freedom of action than at any time in my life. After forty-odd years of law practice, I closed my office in the District of Columbia last fall. I have received the following degrees: A.B., L.S.U.; LL.B., Tulane: LL.M., from both National University and George Washington University. I have attended and received some credit for work at a number of other institutions. I have been admitted to practice before the Bars of Louisiana, Texas. D.C., and the Supreme Court. In Texas I boomed the East Texas oil field in the 1930's, making a little money, mostly in small leases and contingencies. As most such men did in East Texas, I missed most of my real opportunities, but it was a valuable experience. I practiced law in North Louisiana from 1931 to 1942. When in January 1942 I was ordered out as a 1st Lt. Inf. Res. and sent to Barksdale for my physical. The medics had a new Xray which showed my heart tied by a lesion-my left lung. I also had a narrow chest. My father, a Lt. Col. Med. Res., who died in 1936, had found this heart condition. It was his opinion that in case of War it would not keep me out of the service. As mentioned, I had previously attended West Point for some three vears and the cause of my separation from the U.S.M.A. nowhere found this condition.

Father believed my heart to have been an adjusted, organic probably prenatal, heart condition, although it might have been caused by infant or childhood attacks of grippe or fin. I asked for a Board of Review which was held at Camp Livingston which affirmed the Barksdale findings. In May 1942 I was discharged for a non-service connected heart disorder. Shortly after. I took a National Civil Service Examination and took the first job offered me a P-3. This was a mistake-my appointment was to "War Foods" and/or U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. I was Judge Advocate of the La. R.O.A. and as the only Dent. Officer not on active duty I was made Trustee for the Dept. Funds which I put in savings and attended the first State Convention after the War and put the money and papers in the new set-up. I was a delegate to the last Sate and National Convention of the R.O.A. before World War II, both held Sept. 1941 at New Orleans. I was called un for the draft and passed with flying colors until I was asked the sixty-four dollar question. Were you ever in the military service and the cause of my discharge. When I replied truthfully, the Medical Board went into a

huddle. It was brought out that I expected my commission to be restored if I was drafted. The examining officers withdrew and lated confirmed my rejection on my heart condition. This examination was at Ft. Humbug in Shreveport.

Coming back to Ex rel Eaton v. Price, I was the fifth Attorney for the Appellant-Appellee Taylor. The first Eaton quit-he did a fine job as far as he went. The second attorney was disbarred. Why, I don't know, but he made every effort to let the Supreme Court argue this case. I have heard that this attorney filed a damage suit against certain parties, including the Judge who was active with evidence that secured the attorney's disbarment. I am told this stated a cause of action, but the man died before answer was filed and the Ohio Courts therefore mooted the case. The third defense attorney died within a month of the date set for argument. The fourth attorney had to go to a hospital. He is Elbert E. Blakely, Esq.-a practicing lawyer in the District and, incidentally, a graduate of Presbyterian College of South Carolina and is a native of your State. A high class gentleman, Lt. Col. U.S. Res., retired, with whom I have officed for some years but neither of us had a partnership. Blakely had to go to a hospital for what was thought to be a minor operation and was, but he was out for several weeks. I asked for a thirty-day extension to file what I considered a necessary brief which upset the Clerk's office, but was granted. Blakely returned before argument and we split the time to one-half each.

The Dayton city people and their attorneys relied mainly on the case of Frank v. Maryland, 359 U.S. 360 as precedent, a case decided by a 5 to 4 decision. Only eight Justices sat on this case as Mr. Justice Potter Stewart, the new appointee, excused himself without motion on our or anyone's part because his then recently deceased father had sat on the Ohio Supreme Court when the case came before them. This Maryland case was civil in nature and carried a civil penalty, and signs of decay were present and clear as the Frank property from the street. Mr. Taylor, the real party in the Dayton, Ohio case, was the only witness in his case. There was no other witness for either side; hence, in such cases it is the rule of law that all of his testimony must be accepted as absolutely true. The case was criminal in nature and carried a civil and a criminal penalty or both. Threatened with arrest and jail, Taylor still refused to let men with only yellow pages come into his house without a warrant. Taylor was a retired plumber and knew a lot about building. Refusing to let them in, he went to jail-spent the night there and refused to make bond. The habeas corpus suit was sustained and he was released. Mr. Taylor was at least a man of principle. Right or wrong, we need more such men. I have never met Mr. Taylor, or, except for Blakely, any of the other Judges below or trial attorneys. In my opinion, to go to jail on a matter of purely principle is to demonstrate courage and patriotism. I do not know the facts or the truth of this case, but like the Roman Judge Pilate, I am inclined to ask, "What is truth"?

I continued my office until last fall when I closed same. Reasons are various. One thing, it was a ham and egg practice and they are rather scarce, so the practice wasn't paying. Living in my home I can do most of the things I need to do. Furthermore, my wife objected to my staying away late at night and considered riding the bus and staying at bus stops as dangerous. I guess she is right, but I am a practical man and so far have had no physical trouble since I was a young man. Maybe here I am just lucky.

Let those wanting a hearing exhaust themselves and talk about two Senators; etc., for the District all they want-just bring out that we plan to attack.

III. Serious Constitutional questions are raised by what is, in truth and in fact, the conversion of Statehood upon what is now the District of Columbia. Out of the original ten-mile-square original District of Columbia, which was one hundred square miles, the retrocession of the land on the Virginia side to the State of Virginia plus the area covered by the Potomac River, the Anacostia River and various smaller creeks and bodies of water reduce the actual area of habitable land in the District to some thirty-five square miles, more or less. To give such a vestigial remnant, less again the Capitol and other areas remaining of necessity the property of the Federal Government, is to reduce the new State almost to an' absurdity. Legally, perhaps it can be done, but it would take the immortal team of Gilbert and Sullivan to reduce the problem, following the rules of established logic, to music and real problems of such absurdity to make the Home Rule and Statehood for the District of Columbia Proposal effective.

However, Gilbert and Sullivan are dead and we must profoundly consider seriously the reasons for this situation of the form of government which vitally

affects our country, our state, and even the world at large-as if we do not have enough international, state and local problems without kicking up a row like this. Why and how did all this business come about? In the first days of the Revolution, when even most men in the Revolutionary Army hoped for peace and still protested their loyalty and devotion to their great, good and dread Sovereign, His Majesty King George III, Defender of the Faith, etc., and so on, things began to happen. The American Continental Congress, supported by an insurrectionary or revolutionary army and a number of local Committees of Safety, came into existence. The writer does not recall all of the so-called capitals of this movement— some are: New York, Philadelphia, Lancaster, Pa.. Annapolis, in wagons on the lam from British interference, and so on. In time "The Articles of Confederation" were adopted. This government was a rather ineffective sort of League of Nations. No action was taken without the concurrence of the representatives of all thirteen states and very little then, even if they all got together. There were some very brilliant men involved in this Revolution, as it now came to be called, some were absolutely loyal to the Cause, others lukewarm, some became outright traitors or men lacking the courage of weak opinions. It has been estimated that, say 20%, of the residents were Loyalists or Tories; families and neighbors were divided and often murderously inclined to each other. Perhaps 40% were in favor of the Revolution and the remaining 40% really wanted to be left alone. A great many felt they were up a tree and saw real ropes suspended from the limbs of the tree which, when tied around the necks of the alleged Whigs or Tories, would not allow their feet to touch ground, a definitely fatal arrangement.

Finally, however, with the help of France, Holland and Spain, our independence was recognized. It is interesting to note that Spain never was allied to the American Colonies but came into the War under a "family compact" with France. The Spanish colony of Louisiana found itself under the command of the twentyone year old de Galvez who promptly captured Baton Rouge, Mobile, and finally Pensacola-then all possessions of the British Empire.

The Constitution of the U.S. was adopted in 1787 and the United States, it might be said for the first time, became a Nation and not a union of a loosely connected Confederation. In about 1802, Napoleon acquired Louisana from Spain. This greatly alarmed the people of the United States and many felt, as one member of Congress stated, that the United States must marry the British State and Nation if this condition continued. President Jefferson sent a Minister to Madrid with orders, if possible, to secure the purchase to the Isle of Orleans, thus giving our frontier an entrance into the Gulf of Mexico. In 1805 Gen. Wilkinson, the military commander, sent a corporal with a squad to place a port on the East Bank of the Sabine River which we claimed as the boundary between. Napoleon, fearing the recurrence of war with the British and others, offered to sell the entire territory to the United States for some $15,000,000.00. After some consideration, Munroe and Livingston agreed to this but were without authority to do so. The treay ratifying the purchase was nevertheless adopted but no decision was made on this and other territory where both countries had conflictng claims. The Corporal with his squad met a Spanish Lieutenant and both sides halted and made camp. That night the Spanish Lieutenant came to visit the Corporal to discuss matters.

At the Spaniard's suggestion, the Corporal withdrew to the East Bank of the Rio Hondo and the Spanish to the West Bank of the Sabine and the Corporal was to notify his superior, Gen. Wilkinson, at Baton Rouge. The Spaniard would notify the Viceroy of Mexico at Mexico City and both sides would keep the peace, it being specifically agreed that no process of any kind-civil or criminal-would be allowed to operate in this area of varying width and some seventy miles in length until higher authority had pased on the matter. Eventually the problem reached Madrid and the Ministers concerned, being unable to agree, decided to let the informal treaty between the Corporal and the Lieutenant stand. Spain lost control of the area and her title and rights were acquired by the Republic of Mexico later the claims were acquired by the Republic of Texas. The police notice of the situation was handled by putting G.T.T. on the blotters and the U.S. would then avoid or evade any attempt to enforce any legal process in this area. Outlaw bands such as the Murrell gang, smugglers, and slave smugglers took advantage of this situation and in time the situation became intolerable; a group called the Regulators was organized, in theory to capture criminals taking advantage of this situation, but in fact to shoot the accused on sight. Generally speaking this worked very well for a while but some claimed the Regulators were

too harsh and high handed, so fighting between the two groups broke out, and this is the genesis of the "Regulator-Moderator War", much of it occurring between 1845 and our Civil War beginning in 1861. There was actually a battle between the "Moderators" and the "Regulators" on the streets of Shreveport, La. in which a number were killed. The Civil War did nothing to ameliorate the living conditions of ths long-embattled "No Man's Land".

After the Civil War many Confederates did not know the war was over and continued to operate pretty much as during the war. Finally, Shreveport surrendered to the Yankees in the summer of 1865. A Missouri brigade surrendered there and were granted some sort of immunity but most of the soldiers could not go home, for their victorious neighbors didn't want the former and perhaps lawful owners of the land they had seized back and death was often their portion if they dared to come home. President Truman, I understand, knows something about this. His people were largely Confederate, but his immediate family were able to make peace with their old neighbors. Many, however, were not able to do so. Large numbers of them went to Shreveport to settle. Indeed, our first millionaire in that city was a Missourian, a very dignified old gentleman, president of a bank and owner of a large hotel, was perhaps the most successful. Several high and low sheriffs came from this group. As a whole, they were useful citizens and a great replacement of manpower for those not killed in the War or who returned last to their kinfolks in their states of origin or went on to California-the regular arm as enlisted men, generally in the cavalry. One of these ex-Confederates is said actually to have been a Brigadier General C.S.A. but died a Sergeant U.S.A., giving up after his surrender as a Confederate.

Among these men many came after the War, being wanted for alleged activities with the K.K.K. and White Camelias, the largest underground movement in Louisiana. There was no religious or other test on these men. Some were reputed to be devout Roman Catholics, others Jews who thought it best to G.T.T. for awhile. To clear up the matter of the vital differences between the original K.K.K. and White Camelias and the modern group which have usurped their appeal honored by many from the days of the era when these organizations, I hold, performed a real, patriotic service to the State and Nation and their memory was generally honored until these new hybrid groups bearing similar titles began to usurp the goodwill the old underground had accumulated. The old movies, "The Birth of a Nation", clearly shows this goodwill, why and how it was acquired, and the real service the old Klan performed to this Republic and many of our States, which goodwill is now largely Dissipated by the commercialization, profiting by an honored old history and needlessly raising issues between various religions, races, and nationalities, all of which are driving rifts among once better-united peoples to the serious detriment to our State and Nation.

Before abandoning this Klan subject I feel it proper to refer to a family experience which affected certain members of my family and myself personally and seriously. My father, the late Dr. F. S. Furman, Lt. Col. Med. Res. A.E.F., World War I, was born at Land's End, the family plantation in De Soto Parish, Louisiana May 4, 1869. His father died in 1874, probably of yellow fever. This Dr. S. C. Furman was a graduate of old Charleston Medical College. His father, Samuel Furman, was unschooled in formal medicine but practiced medicine in, for the time, a very intelligent way relying mainly on diet, nursing, and prayer. While a Baptist preacher, it is said his prayers were usually short, and gave solace and did not alarm or scare the patient to death as too many preachers and priests do. My grandfather served for a while in the Infantry as 2nd Lt. 2nd La. Vol. Inf., 2nd La. Inf. Bridgade A.N.V. My grandfather's first wife Mary Marshall Furman, having died during his absence leaving an infant daughter, grandfather did not stand for election in Virginia, but with permission, returned to Louisiana and, having had Cavalry training, raised a troop or company of Cavalry and went into service in the Trans Miss. Department, an almost forgotten Dept. of the C.S.A., which nevertheless suffered at times very heavy battle casualties. I have been unable to find any account of this operation where he stampeded a Federal picket line of horses and captured several hundred of the much needed horses for the Corn-Fed service. I take it the Federal troops covered up reporting the horses as expended in service, etc., while the Corn-Fed records were all burned at Shreveport, Dept. Hqr. just before the Army of the Trans-Mississippi Dept. was dissolved or surrendered about June 1865. A very old man told me about it-he stated to the effect that it was this stampeding of bridgade horse lines that was the best small operation he saw in the whole War.

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