that you have set up, but I do not have much occasion to go aboard ships over which we do not have any jurisdiction.

The CHAIRMAN. Have you anything more, Senator Maloney? Senator MALONEY. No, sir.

Mr. VICKERY, I would be glad to submit the standards which we are setting for lockers and bunks.

Senator MALONEY. You do not have a report there which shows what conditions you found on board ship?

Mr. VICKERY. Each individual ship has a report. That is the one I was reading to you.

Senator MALONEY. Perhaps I do not make myself clear enough. Do you have any different type of report aside from the report which you have read?

Mr. VICKERY. Yes.

Senator MALONEY. Do you have a report showing the conditions just as you found them?

Mr. VICKERY. No, sir. The only thing we have is this report, and this particular report doesn't state that, but the reports on these studies usually state, for example, that the washing facilities are adequate.

The CHAIRMAN. By implication I suppose we may assume that where those various new facilities were ordered, the order was given because such facilities did not exist?

Mr. VICKERY. That is correct; yes, sir.

The CHAIRMAN. In order to bring up the equipment to the standard,. it was necessary to make installations as you recommended them? Mr. VICKERY. That is correct; yes, sir.

Senator VANDENBERG. Do you have any contacts or negotiations with these maritime labor unions in connection with the fixing of these standards?

Mr. VICKERY. No, sir; we do not. We had all these hearings with the Commission, held last summer, and we went over those reports very carefully, and the delegates from the unions came down and talked with us. We gave them the plans of what we were proposing to do on our new ships, and so forth, and they looked over all those plans and had no complaints.

Senator GIBSON. Did they express satisfaction?

Mr. VICKERY. Yes, sir.

Senator MALONEY. You stated you had a hearing?

Mr. VICKERY. Hearings were had on working conditions, crew quarters, food, and so forth, last summer.

Senator MALONEY. Did you have seamen or their representatives testify as to what the conditions were?

Mr. VICKERY. Yes.

Senator MALONEY. Have those hearings been printed?

Mr. VICKERY. Yes, sir-in typewritten form, at least.

Senator VANDENBERG. So, you would say that if the recommendations you have made are accepted by the ship operators, so far as complaints about living conditions and food are concerned, the union would be satisfied?

Mr. VICKERY. I think that is correct; yes, sir.

The CHAIRMAN. We understand that the changes which you recited in this list of changes are actually in process.

Senator ELLENDER. You cited the Standard Oil ships as an example of what is being done in the way of luxuriousness, and so forth. Those ships are engaged primarily in the carrying of oil, are they not? Mr. VICKERY. Yes.

Senator ELLENDER. The crews of those ships are much smaller than in the ships carrying other freight?

Mr. VICKERY. No, sir.

Senator ELLENDER. On ships of that type is not more space allowed per man?

Mr. VICKERY. That is correct.

Senator ELLENDER. On the other ships that handle freight, and so forth, are there the same facilities? Or is it possible to give the same facilities as there are on these oil tankers?

Mr. VICKERY. In our new design we have given about the same space. The Standard Oil ships work out, on the original space, about 40 square feet to the man.

Senator ELLENDER. With reference to the complaints you heard against, let us say, the merchant ships carrying freight other than oil, what conditions do you find in them in comparison with the oil ships? Mr. VICKERY. They were not as good.

Senator ELLENDER. So, the type of freight that is carried and the business in which the ships are engaged have something to do with it? Mr. VICKERY. Yes. Of course, where you have the space and can put in a toilet, there is no reason why you cannot put in on a freighter as good a toilet as you can in an oil tanker. When an installation is put in, it should be of the same standard.

Senator ELLENDER. Is there not more space usually in a tanker than there is in a merchant ship?

Mr. VICKERY. That is correct.

Senator ELLENDER. That is why the facilities are better?

Mr. VICKERY. That is why there is more space allowed for facilities, but that is no reason why the installation should be better.

Senator ELLENDER. Your chief complaints have been primarily about ships engaged in the carrying of oil and other heavy cargo of that kind?

Mr. VICKERY. That is correct.

The CHAIRMAN. The witness has presented us with a résumé of recommendations which were set forth by Admiral Rock in the report of the Department of Commerce.

We shall also include in the record Lloyd's list of crew space in British ships, together with the editorial.

(The matter referred to is to be inserted in the record at this point.) UNITED STATES MARITIME COMMISSION COMMITTEE ON QUARTERS AND WORKING CONDITIONS

GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS

The following general recommendations are submitted for the guidance of owners or operators of subsidized vessels in rearranging or refitting crew accommodations:

1. Space per man.-Proposed legislation requires 20 square feet of floor area per man. In rearranging space, however, it will be readily understood that in rooms for four men or less, the amount of equipment is the best practical measure of the necessary floor area.

It should be emphasized that 20 square feet per man is regarded only as a minimum. Wherever practicable, considerably more space is desirable.

2. Men per room.-Proposed legislation requires a maximum berthing of 4 men per room on new ships, with the exception of the larger passenger vessels, on which the maximum berthing of stewards and waiters is 10 men per room.

These requirements are to be applied to old ships "so far as is practicable and reasonable.'

In average freighters, it will be found that three berth rooms are the most suitable for unlicensed men of both deck and engine personnel.

3. Separation of watches.—In arranging space, particular attention should be given to separating watches, as far as practicable. This is required by proposed legislation.

"Forecastles" should be eliminated, where practicable, by installing division bulkheads or by rearranging available space.

4. Separation of personnel. It is desirable that quarters for licensed officers should be distinctly separated from the quarters of unlicensed personnel.

Deck officers should be quartered as near the bridge as practicable and the practice of moving officers from this location to accommodate passengers should be discouraged.

Quarters for radio operators, junior deck officers, junior engineers, refrigerating engineers, and cadets, should also be separated from the crew's quarters as far as practicable. On the larger passenger ships, it is advisable to provide separate quarters, messrooms, and bathing facilities for petty officers.

As far as practicable, deck, engine, and steward's department personnel should be grouped and accommodated separately.

5. Ventilation-Natural ventilation. While proposed legislation requires mechanical ventilation on all new ships, this requirement is to be applied to existing ships only "so far as is practicable and reasonable."

On the average freighter or three-island ship, where the personnel are berthed on or above the weather deck, ventilation can be adequately cared for by mushroom or torpedo ventilators, supplemented by louvres in doors or by stopping alleyway bulkheads below beams.

In new ships, both for ventilation and safety, the size of portlights in crew quarters above the freeboard deck should be materially increased. Below the freeboard deck, their size should be up to the limit of the classification societies' rules.

Mechanical ventilation. Where the crew is berthed below a continuous deck or in long alleyways, a well-designed mechanical ventilating system is essential. With a duct velocity not exceeding 1,200 feet per minute, the air should enter each space through a diffusing louvre and should provide about 10 changes per hour.

On ships trading in cold climates, provision should be made for heating the air, to avoid the necessity of shutting down the system in winter.

In

6. Insulation.-The crew should not be berthed under a bare steel deck. cases where this cannot be avoided, the deck head in quarters should be insulated. The ship's side, in all quarters, should be sheathed or insulated. T. & G. wood sheathing should not be used for this purpose or for interior bulkheading. Where the crew is berthed adjacent to or over boiler or machinery space, particular attention should be given to insulating bulkheads, decks, and casings to prevent the transfer of heat to quarters.

7. Heating. The heating system in living quarters, messrooms, and bathrooms should be designed to maintain a room temperature of 70 degrees under normal operating conditions.

Where steam radiators are used, the convector type is recommended.

8. Floor covering.-Decks in all crew accommodations should be covered with some suitable permanent floor covering such as magnesite. The material should be swept up around bulkheads to form a sanitary base.

Decks in toilet spaces and bathrooms should be floored with white ceramic or other suitable tile and 6-inch base tile, so that they may be kept in a sanitary condition.

Tile in shower stalls should be nonskid ceramic.

Galleys and pantries should also be floored with nonskid tile and waterways should be fitted where necessary.

9. Painting. Living quarters and messrooms should be painted with white or cream semi-gloss enamel.

Bathrooms and toilet spaces should be painted with white enamel.

For the bulkheads of new shower stalls, it will probably be found that the initial cost of tiling will be less than the cost of frequent repainting of metal surfaces during the life of the ship.

10. Toilets and bathrooms.-Proposed legislation describes in considerable detail the requirements for new ships with regard to separate bathrooms for different departments of personnel, the separation of toilet facilities from bathing and washing facilities, the number of each kind of fixture in relation to the number of personnel, and the ventilation of toilet and bath spaces.

It does not seem necessary to quote the proposed law on this subject in full, but some of the requirements for new ships will be referred to in connection with the committee's recommendations for old ships.

After careful consideration, the following recommendations are submitted for the "practicable and reasonable" application of the law to existing subsidized vessels:

Toilet facilities.-Where space permits, toilet facilities and bathing facilities should be in separate compartments. Toilet spaces and bathrooms should in all cases be separated from living quarters by steel bulkheads.

According to proposed legislation, there should be "a toilet seat for each 10 persons, or fraction thereof, and, in addition, a urinal for each 10 male persons." In the opinion of the committee, where space is limited on old ships, it should be considered satisfactory to provide one urinal for every three toilet seats. A hand grab should be fitted in way of each urinal.

Toilet bowls should be of the water-seal type and should be arranged in stalls, preferably of metal, with half-height bulkheads and doors.

In the opinion of the committee, where toilet and bath facilities are in separate compartments, at least one wash-basin should be fitted in each toilet space, instead of placing all washbasins in bathrooms.

Toilet spaces should be ventilated by a mechanical exhaust blower, to give twenty air changes per hour. Where a toilet is adjacent to a bathroom, the air supply may be taken from that space through a suitably placed louvre. Otherwise, the outside door of the toilet space should have a louvre panel, or should be cut away about one inch clear of the sill.

Where toilet spaces are large, or are placed below a continuous deck, or in closed alleyways, they should be fitted with a mechanical air supply, as well as exhaust ventilation. The supply should give about 20 percent less volume than the exhaust.

Bathing facilities. Each bathroom should be fitted with one shower stall for every ten men. Shower stalls should be at least 30 inches wide by 39 inches deep.

Each shower stall should be supplied with fresh hot and cold running water, individual floor drain, hand grab, and soap receptacle.

On new ships, proposed legislation_requires that each bathroom should have one washbasin for every four men. In the opinion of the committee, one washbasin for every six men is satisfactory, especially in a reasonable application of the law to old ships.

In way of each washbasin there should be fitted a soap receptacle and a mirror with a brush and comb rack. The mirror should be at least 12" x 16".

The space should be lighted in such a manner that the mirrors will reflect conveniently for shaving.

Each bathroom and toilet space should be fitted with coat hooks, equal in number to the fixtures.

Bathrooms should be provided with good natural ventilation, and where they are below decks, should be provided with mechanical exhaust ventilation similar to that recommended for toilet spaces.

Each bathroom and toilet space should have one or more substantial floor drains to assure natural drainage.

11. Messrooms.-On the average freighter, it is not considered essential to provide separate messrooms for deck and engine personnel of the unlicensed ratings. Separate tables, however, should be provided for each department, and for petty officers.

12. Recreation room.—Where space permits, a recreation room is desirable. Where a separate recreation room is not provided, it is considered advisable to arrange messrooms, where space permits, with four-seat tables, rather than the usual long tables, so that messrooms may also be used as recreation rooms.

13. Pantries. Where sufficient space is available, the crew's pantries should be separated from but adjacent to messrooms.

With reference to crews' pantries, it should be noted that a number of owners are now installing an electric refrigerator in the crew's pantry or messrooms, as well as in the officers' pantry.

14. Hospital. The crew's hospital should be completely enclosed so that contagious diseases can be isolated.

It should be provided with adequate natural or mechanical ventilation. When the hospital is outboard or in a separate structure on deck, the ship's side or the bulkheads and deckhead, as the case may be, should be sheathed or insulated.

Hospitals should be so arranged as to include an adjoining space equipped with a toilet, washbasin, and bathtub. A shower bath is not considered adequate for

hospital use.

15. Room equipment.-Berths.-Standee or pipe berths are usually from 27 inches to 281⁄2 inches wide by 72 to 76 inches long, over all. When complete installations are being made, consideration should be given to increasing the width to 30 inches. The minimum length should be 76 inches.

It is considered timely to effect a departure from the conventional standee or pipe berth to single and double decker metal beds.

Berths should not be fitted more than two high, nor should they be doublebanked under any circumstances.

Contrary to the usual custom, lee rails should not be continuous.

They should

be fitted at the head only, extending for about one-third of the length.

Where the crew's rooms are small, the committee desires to point out the advantages of U. S. Navy type C. O., or hospital berths, which fold up against the bulkhead. When folded up, these berths provide space for the installation of a permanent settee. For the specifications, see U. S. Navy plan C. & R. No. 206529..

Mattresses.-Straw mattresses should not be supplied under any condition. In the opinion of the committee, consideration should be given to a better grade of mattress than is now generally supplied to unlicensed personnel.

While kapok or long-staple cotton mattresses are satisfactory if well built and of sufficient thickness and weight, attention should be given to the ultimate economy and advantages of supplying hair mattresses such as those described in U. S. Navy Specification No. 27-M-8a.

Sheets should be used instead of mattress covers, as they are not only more satisfactory but cheaper to buy and cheaper to wash.

Lockers. A metal locker should be fitted for each man.

Either the width or depth of lockers should be sufficient for the use of coat hangers.

Proposed legislation requires an individual metal locker at least 12" x 21" x 60". In the opinion of the committee, lockers should be at least 15" wide, 21" deep, and 72" high.

A cross bar for coat hangers should be fitted midway of the depth.

It is also desirable to fit small compartments in lockers for the proper storage of clean linen and other personal effects.

Lockers should have sloping tops to discourage the stowage of lifebelts or miscellaneous gear. The placing of rails in way of sloping tops, to hold suitcases, etc., should not be permitted.

Benches. Each room should be equipped with a portable bench, or, preferably, a fixed slatted settee, not less than 15 inches wide and as long as available space and convenience permit.

Tables. Assuming sufficient space, each room should be fitted with a portable or drop-leaf table, which, with a bench or chair, may be used as a writing desk. Lighting.-Deck head lights should be dropped below the level of deck beams by fitting suitable spool pieces or brackets.

In addition to general illumination, each berth should be fitted with a 15-watt shaded reading light, controlled with an individual switch at the fixture.

Fans. An oscillating fan, at least 12 inches in diameter, should be installed in a suitable location in each room, and two oscillating fans in each messroom.

Windscoops. A metal windscoop should be supplied for at least one port in each room.

Port screens. A port screen should be supplied for each port.

Mirrors. A mirror at least 12 x 16 inches, with a brush and comb rack, should be fitted in each room.

Stowage. Slatted stowage racks should be fitted on the deck head of each room for lifebelts.

Stowage racks should also be provided in each space for windscoops and port

screens.

Stowage for deadlights should be provided either in each room or in the alleyway adjacent to the room.

Built-in furniture. Where built-in furniture is fitted, it should be kept at least 9 inches clear of the deck.