81. 17. Enna, in Sicily, whence Pluto (Milton's "gloomy Dis") carried off Proserpine to Hades ('Paradise Lost,' IV. 268-272). 81. 19. Argo. Jason's ship in which he sailed in quest of the Golden Fleece.

Cyanean rocks, or Symplegades (Milton's "justling rocks"), were craggy islands in the Bosphorus, fabled to close upon ships attempting to pass between.

81. 20. two Sicilian whirlpools—i.e., Scylla and Charybdis, fabled to be rocks or whirlpools or both, on the straits between Sicily and Italy.

81. 23. notice of their vanity, with warning as to their fictitious character.

81. 30. adventitious, incidental.

81. 31. shield of Satan (‘Paradise Lost,' I. 284-291).

82. 15. Ariosto (1475-1533) wrote 'Orlando Furioso,' an epic on Charlemagne's wars with the Saracens.

pravity, wickedness, evil life.

82. 16. 'Deliverance of Jerusalem '-i.e., 'Gerusalemme Liberata,' by Torquato Tasso (1544-1595).

83. 11. the port of mean suitors ('Paradise Lost,' XI. 8, 9). 84. 4. Bentley, Richard, Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, famous for his editions of classical authors such as Horace and Lucan, and his 'Dissertations on the Letters of Phalaris,' published in 1732 his extraordinary edition of 'Paradise Lost.' He largely altered the text on the ground that errors must have crept in during dictation, and that the reviser foisted into the work verses of his

own.

84. 19. therefore little natural curiosity. The very strange. ness of the situation might conceivably whet a reader's curiosity. 85. 21. pregnancy, fulness, amplitude.

85. 22. radical positions, fundamental subjects.

85. 26. licentiousness of fiction, free indulgence in invention. 86. 6. deficience: deficiency is the modern form.

86. 25. perplexed, complicated, obscured.

87.7. Pandæmonium-lit., the place of all demons (πâs, πavтtòs, and daíμwv), described by Milton as "the high capital of Satan and his peers" (Paradise Lost,' I. 756, 757).

87. 24. favourite of children: this is Book VI.

88. 8. Prometheus. In the 'Prometheus Bound,' Violence and Strength by command of Zeus chain Prometheus to the rocks of

Caucasus for introducing fire and the arts among mankind. The tragedy is one of seven extant by Æschylus (525-456 B.C.)

88. 9. Alcestis, to satisfy Death, gives herself up instead of her husband, King Admetus.

88. 12. allegory of Sin and Death ('Paradise Lost,' II. 648 sqq.) 88. 27. aggravated soil: 'Paradise Lost,' X. 293, “aggregated (sic) soil."

89. 11. angel's reproof-i.e., Raphael's, in 'Paradise Lost,' VIII. Cf. p. 79, 1. 26.

89. 28. expatiated, wandered far and wide (L. exspatiari, from ex and spatium). Cf. Pope, 'Essay on Man,' i. l. 4, "Expatiate free o'er all this scene of man."

66

90. 3. Paradise of Fools, 'Paradise Lost,' III. 493-495, a limbo large and broad."

90. 6. Bentley. See note, p. 84, 1. 4.

90. 31. ancient tragedies-i.e., Greek tragedies, in which the chorus played an important part by speculating in their odes on each advance in the action.

91. 4. neither hasten nor retard. The scene between Samson and his father, Manoah, is sometimes condemned from this standpoint; but it may be defended as contributing to the development of dramatic character, and as preparing the spectator for the dénoûment, because it nerves Samson to revenge himself upon the Philistines.

92. 7. Tuscan poets-e.g., Dante, Ariosto, Tasso. 92. 8. frequently Italian.

This is strikingly true, if "Italian' is taken to include Latin; but apart from Latin, there are countless similarities in phrase and in general literary effect between Milton and the Italians Dante, Ariosto, Boiardo, and Tasso.

92. 10. Jonson-i.e., Ben Jonson (1573-1637), in 'Timber or Discoveries.'

92. 12. Butler, Samuel (1612-1680), author of the famous antiPuritan satire 'Hudibras.'

canto i.

Babylonish dialect is quoted from 'Hudibras,' Part I.

92. 26. Surrey is said to have translated one. In point of fact, he translated two books of Virgil into blank verse-Æn. ii. and iv. -about 1553.

92. 29. one tending to reconcile the nation-i.e., 'De Guiana Carmen Epicum,' ascribed to George Chapman ("Auctore G. C.")

93. I. Trisino's 'Italia Liberata.' The subject was the deliverance of Italy from the Goths by Belisarius: Trisino's epic was published in 1548.

93. 25. an ingenious critic. From Boswell we learn this was Mr Lock of Norbury Park in Surrey, a man of knowledge and taste ('Life of Johnson,' iv. 43, ed. Hill).

93. 30. lapidary style. See note, p. 11, l. 6.

94. I. whom Milton alleges as precedents. In his prefatory note on "the verse," Milton does not name these precedents, but says, "Some both Italian and Spanish poets of prime note have rejected rime."

187

NOTES TO LIFE OF ADDISON.

97. II. Not to name the school.

Dr Johnson, who had been a schoolmaster, always shows a keen interest in education. See his criticism on Milton as a teacher, pp. 13-16.

97. 20. Dr Peter Shaw, a medical man who wrote on scientific subjects.

98. 3. Corbet belonged, like Johnson, to Pembroke College, Oxford.

98. 20. The Chartreux (of which "Charterhouse" is a corruption) belonged to the religious order of the Carthusians. Founded in the fourteenth century, it became a grammar-school and home for "poor brethren" in the sixteenth.

98. 26. Sir Richard Steele (1671-1729) was Addison's schoolfellow, or "fag" according to Mr T. Arnold, who gives the date of Steele's birth as 1675 ('Selections from Addison,' Clar. Press edition, Introd.) Thackeray's "poor Dick Steele" is most famous for his 'Tatler.'

98. 32. habitual subjection—e.g., Steele felt that Addison gained ground upon him even in his own 'Tatler.' See Lobban's 'English Essays,' Introd. p. xxvii.

99. 22. demy (accent the last) is half a fellow (Fr. demi, Lat. dimidius). Somewhat similarly in Aberdeen University a student who has reached his second year is a semi, half a graduate.

100. 6. poem on the Peace. 'Pax Gulielmi auspiciis Europæ reddita' is the title (Addison's Works, ed. Hurd, 1811, i. 309).

100. 7. Boileau (1636-1711), the French poet, belonged to the "classical" school of criticism. His famous work is 'L'Art Poétique,' one of the many critical works in verse modelled in the seventeenth century on Horace's Epistle 'De Arte Poetica.'

100. 8. Tickell of Queen's, Oxford, edited Addison's works, 1721, with a biographical preface, from which Johnson quotes here. A notorious quarrel arose over Addison's praise of Tickell's version of the Iliad,' Book I., in preference to Pope's.

101. 3. principal English poets—i.e., in Addison's own words, those

"That down from Chaucer's day to Dryden's times

Have spent their noble rage in British rhymes.”

Henry Sacheverell. Two of his ultra-Tory sermons in 1709 led to his impeachment by the Whigs before the House of Lords. Wild excitement followed the sentence, which prohibited his preaching for three years and ordered his sermons to be burned.

101. 14. Congreve (1670-1729) wrote several noted comedies, including 'The Way of the World,' and one tragedy, 'The Mourning Bride,' with its much-quoted opening line, "Music hath charms to soothe the savage breast."

IOI. 15. Montague, Charles, afterwards Lord Halifax, had in 1687 along with Prior written the ‘City Mouse and Country Mouse' to ridicule Dryden's 'Hind and Panther.'

102. 6. Smith. Edmund Smith (or Neal), the subject of one of Johnson's Lives, is admired by him for his critical powers and "intimacy with all the Greek and Latin classics."

102. 14. the eyes of a poet. This is apparent in his 'Remarks on Several Parts of Italy.'

102. 17 'Dialogues on Medals '-i.e., on ancient coins, as illustrating Greek and Latin poets.

102. 22. the letter to Lord Halifax-i.e., ‘A Letter from Italy,' which contains the famous line, "And still I seem to tread on classic ground." It was translated into Italian by Abbot Salvini, Greek Professor at Florence. The Italian version is given in Addison's Works, Hurd's ed., i. 34 sqq.

102. 23. the most elegant, if not the most sublime: it is criticised, pp. 135, 136.

102. 25. Swift informs us

"Thus Addison, by lords caress'd,
Was left in foreign lands distress'd."

-Swift, 'Libel on Dr Delany.'