Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the InteriorU.S. Government Printing Office, 1893 - Forest reserves |
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Common terms and phrases
accumulations action afford Agassiz glacier ANNUAL REPORT PL anticline barrier beaches basin beds beneath border bottom bowlders camp Cape Chaix hills channels cliffs coast line compression considerable crevasses currents debris deep delta deposits detritus distance district east elevation Elias extending fault feet feldspar fiord flow folds forest formed GEOLOGICAL SURVEY THIRTEENTH glacial harborage harbors havens Icy bay inches initial dip inlet island lagoon lakelets lakes land layers limestone Malaspina glacier margin marine marshes mass material miles moraines Mount St mountains mouth nunatak ocean Owing port portion quartz reef reentrant region ridge river rocks Samovar Samovar hills sand schist sediments SHALER shallow ships shoal shore side slope snow southern strata stratum stream structure summit surface SURVEY THIRTEENTH ANNUAL syncline synclinorium thickness THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT tidal tide tion U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY valley vegetation waves Yahtse Yakutat Yakutat bay
Popular passages
Page 418 - Emmons, Ebenezer. Agriculture of New York; comprising an account of the classification, composition and distribution of the soils and rocks and the natural waters of the different geological formations, together with a condensed view of the meteorology and agricultural productions of the State.
Page 257 - No eyetem of narrow waves of the strata, however flat, could originate from the most enormous lateral pressure, if unaccompanied by some vertical oscillation, producing parallel lines of easy flexure. Precisely such an alternate movement would ensue, if a succession of actual waves on the surface of the subterranean fluid rock rolled in a given direction beneath the bending crust.
Page 67 - ... lakelets are formed. The waves wash the debris from the ice about the margin of the lakelets, thus exposing it to the direct attack of the water, which melts it more rapidly than higher portions of the slopes are melted by the sun and rain. It is in this manner that the characteristic hour-glass form of the basins originates. The lakelets are confined to the outer or stagnant portion of the glacier, for the reason that motion in the ice would produce crevasses through which the water would escape....
Page 37 - Utter desolation claimed the entire land. The view to the north called to mind the pictures given by Arctic explorers of the borders of the great Greenland ice sheet, where rocky islands, known as "nunataks," alone break the monotony of the boundless sea of ice.
Page 65 - ... to determine where the glacier actually terminates. The water-worn material here referred to as resting on the glacier, has been brought out of tunnels in the ice, as will be noticed further on. Surface of the fringing moraines. — A peculiar and interesting feature of the moraine on the stagnant border of Malaspina glacier is furnished by the lakelets that occur everywhere upon it. These are found in great numbers both in the forest-covered moraine and in the outer border of the barren moraine....
Page 70 - When the glacier is lowered by melting, the steam abandons its former channel and repeats the process of terrace building at a lower level. The material forming the terrace at the base of Chaix hills is largely composed of blue clay filled with both angular and rounded stones and bowlders, but its elevated border is almost entirely of angular debris. The drainage from the mountain slope above the terrace is obstructed by the elevated border referred to, and swamps and lagoons have formed back of...
Page 261 - ... the strata by one and the same process. I hold the two processes to be distinct and having no necessary relation to each other. There are plicated regions which are little or not at all elevated, and there are elevated regions which are not plicated.
Page 66 - ... or 200 yards across. Their waters are always turbid owing to the mud which is carried into them by small avalanches and by the rills that trickle from their sides. The rattle of stones falling into them is frequently heard while traveling over the glacier, and is especially noticeable on warm days, when the ice is melting rapidly, but is even more marked during heavy rains. The crater-like walls inclosing the lakes are seldom of uniform height, but frequently rise into pinnacles. Between the...
Page 62 - ... inches in thickness which have a secondary origin, and are due to the freezing of waters in fissures. The rapid melting of the surface produces many curious phenomena, which are not peculiar to this glacier, however, but common to many ice bodies below the line of perpetual snow. The long belts of stone and dirt forming the moraines protect the ice beneath from the action of the sun and air, while adjacent surfaces waste away. The result of this differential melting is that the moraines become...
Page 70 - This river, as already stated, rises in two principal branches at the base of the Chaix hills, and flowing through a tunnel some six or eight miles long, emerges at the border of the glacier as a swift brown flood fully one hundred feet across and fifteen or twenty feet deep. The stream, after its subglacial course, spreads out into many branches, and is building up an alluvial fan which has invaded and buried several hundred acres of forest. In traversing the coast from the Yahtse to Yakutat bay,...