forts having separate garrisons, and it is probable that, after the erection of the camp at Stanwix, LUGUVALLIUM became subordinate to that camp, and had no distinct garrison, which will account for its omission.

Whitaker says LUGUVALLIUM signifies, in the ancient Celtic, the Fort upon the Waters.

Extensive remains of the ancient city lie beneath the modern Carlisle; seldom is the ground penetrated to any considerable depth without disclosing ancient masonry, Samian ware, and Roman coins. In Leland's day the traces of the ancient city were very marked. "In digging, to make new Building yn the Towne often tymes hath bene, and now a late, fownd diverse Foundations of the old Cite, as Pavimentes of Streates, old Arches of Dores, Coyne, Stones squared, paynted Pottes, Mony hid in Pottes, so hold and mulded that when yt was stronly towched yt went almost to mowlder. The hole Site of the Towne is sore chaunged. For wher as the Stretes were and great Edifices now be vacant and Garden Plottes." 1

Carlisle contains two interesting structures of the mediaval period-the castle and the cathedral. The keep of the castle is a good specimen of the Norman donjon, though some parts of it have been modernized. On the walls and door of one of its chambers, used as a prison in the "Fifteen" and the "Fortyfive," are to be seen the coats of arms, the devices, and marks of the "sorrowful sighings," of the unhappy rebels, who beguiled their wretched hours in carving them. The cathedral exhibits some interesting specimens of the Norman as well as later styles. Its east window, which is of the decorated period, is the finest in the kingdom, with the exception, perhaps, of the west window at York.

About a quarter of a mile beyond the canal basin, and nearly midway between the canal and the river, the track of

1 Itinerary, vol. vii, p. 57.

the Wall may again be discerned. Owing to the difficulty of entirely uprooting it, its foundations have been suffered to remain; they form a cart-road which is used for farm purposes. A little farther on, the plough has won the day. At Grinsdale the course of all the works may again be traced. Here the foundations of the Wall, for about a hundred yards, were recently uprooted, and very severe labour it was found to be.

The Wall takes the north side of the village of Kirk Andrews; the Vallum is seen on the left, at its western extremity. The churchyard of Kirk Andrews is a mass of stones,-it has probably been the site of a mile-castle. In a garden in this village is still preserved the altar of which the woodcut gives a repre

sentation. It was found at Kirk Steads, about a mile south of the Wall, and bears marks of having been cut down to suit the purpose of some comparatively modern builder. The focus

of the altar is unusually large; the boldness of the lettering indicates an early date. It It may be read

This is a vivid memorial of deeds of common occurrence during the period of Roman occupation.

Leaving the village of Kirk Andrews the Wall strikes north-west, and follows the course of the river through a field called Long Wall, as far as Beaumont; the Vallum being very nearly in the line of the present road. The number of stones in Beaumont churchyard is very great, leading to the supposition that there has been some building here besides the Wall. The Wall now resumes its westerly course, and may be traced all the way to Dykesfield, selecting with care every eminence that it meets. A little to the west of Monk Hill the Vallum crosses the turnpike road, keeping on the north side of it all the way to Burgh-upon-Sands. Here we meet with the traces of another station.

BURGH-UPON-SANDS.—Although the site of this camp is low, yet, if viewed from an elevation, such as the tower of the church, it will be seen that it is slightly elevated above the general level of the contiguous ground,-a circumstance of some importance in a military respect. There can be little doubt also that before the country was brought into thorough cultivation, it was surrounded on all sides by marshes, which,

however detrimental to health, would give strength to the position. At present there is little to arrest the eye of the wayfarer, and to tell him that the ground he is traversing was once a stronghold of Rome. The Wall which has formed the north rampart of the station is considerably to the north of the present road; the Vallum forms in the vicinity the fence between the road and the adjoining field; the church and churchyard are within the camp.

Leland speaks of "Burgh yn the Sand" as "a Village by the which remayne the Ruines of a greate Place now clene desolated." In Horsley's day, the remains of its ramparts were to be seen at a place called the Old Castle, a little to the east of the church. He says

"On the west side these remains are most distinct, being about six chains in length. And Severus's Wall seems to have formed the north rampart of the station. I was assured by the person to whom the field belonged, that stones were often ploughed up in it, and lime with the stones. Urns have also frequently been found here. I saw, besides an imperfect inscription, two Roman altars lying at a door in the town, but neither sculptures nor inscriptions are now visible upon them.. If besides all this, we consider the distance from the last station at Stanwix, I think it can admit of no doubt but there must have been a station here, though most of its ramparts are now levelled, the field having been in tillage many years. I shall only further add, that it was very proper to have a station at each end of the marsh, which, if the water flowed as high as some believe, would make a kind of bay."

Although, little meets the eye of the inquirer, to inform him of the spot where the station stood, yet when the surface of the ground is broken, the traces of a Roman city are still sufficiently distinct. The churchyard is filled with fragments of red sandstone blocks. At the depth of two feet, it contains several distinct lines of foundations. Entire "lachrymatory" vessels and fragments of unglazed jars and urns have repeatedly been dug up.

1 Itinerary, vol. vii, p. 55.

A small bronze figure was recently found, which is here

shown, reduced to one half its size. When

the canal, which is to the south of the station, was cut, what is described as a hearth, blackened by smoke, was dug out beneath its bed, it was probably a hypocaust.

A few inscribed stones have been found since Horsley's day, but none of them name the cohort which was stationed in the camp. Hence we have no means of knowing whether Watch Cross has been rightly thrown out of the list of "stations along the line," and whether Burgh is, as Horsley states it to be, the AXELODUNUM of the Notitia, or CONGAVATA, according to the opinion of Hodgson.

In the absence of more decided remains of the camp or Wall, an examination of the church of this long straggling town will reward the attention of the antiquary. It is a good specimen of the fortified Border churches.

"Half church of God, half castle 'gainst the Scot."

"In case of an inroad from the Scottish coast, the cattle appear to have been shut up in the body of the church, and the inhabitants to have had recourse to the large embattled tower at its western end. The only entrance to this tower is from the inside of the church, and it is secured by a ponderous iron door, fastening with two large bolts. The walls of the tower are seven feet thick. Its lowest apartment is a vaulted chamber, lighted by three arrow-slits. At the south angle is a spiral stone staircase, leading to two upper chambers."

Many of the stones of which the church is built, are Roman, and exhibit reticulated tooling.

Near to Burgh is the site on which the castle of Sir Hugh de Morville, one of the murderers of Thomas à Beckett, formerly stood. The adjoining field is called-" Hangman Tree," doubtless because my lord had his gallows here, always