The influence of organization is shown in many instances: the Moors, who have lived for ages under a burning sun, still have white children, and the offspring of Europeans in the Indies have the original tint of their progenitors. Different complexions are in some cases intermixed by immigrant races, and white and black people dwell together; and complexions are modified by the offspring of marriages between members of the different races. But it is further and most conclusively demonstrated by an examination of the skins of the darkly-coloured races, in which a secreted colouring matter is found. The skin is thicker and harder in black people than in white. The external skin of each is transparent and colourless. The colouring matter of the coloured races lies in the rete mucosum, or inner skin, and this colour is seen through the transparent true skin, just as white people see the traces of their dark veins through the same cuticle. The influences of intermarriage are abundantly demonstrated by the fact that the union of black and white parents generally produces children of an intermediate character, which are called mulattoes; and of exceptional circumstances in the less frequent occurrence of the birth of pie-bald negroes, having their skin diversified with black and white spots, and part of their woolly hair white; of short parents producing very tall children, &c.

9. The change of colour in the human skin, from exposure to sun and air, is well known to be temporary. The discoloration which we term "tanning," or being "sun-burnt," as well as the spots called "freckles," are most incidental to fair skins, and disappear when the parts are covered or no longer exposed to the sun. The children of the husbandman or of the sailor whose countenance bears the marks of other climes, are just as fair as those of the most delicate and pale inhabitants of a city.

10. What imparted to various tribes the different habits and modes of life for which they are remarkable?

Chiefly the physical features of the countries in which they were born, or into which they wandered. The people who established themselves in the frozen regions of the north not finding enough of vegetable nourishment, became hunters and fishers. Necessarily separated from each other for the pursuit of sustenance thev multiplied slowly.

and civilization remained unknown. Among such people the arts are confined to the construction of huts, the preparation of skins for covering, and to the manufacture of spears and other weapons. The inhabitants of the northern and eastern parts of Siberia, and the savages of North America, are almost the only people who are now to be found in this primitive state. Those people who feed numerous herds of cattle, in localities where it was necessary to seek new pastures for their maintenance, necessarily adopted a wandering life. Travelling in numbers, they acquired ideas of property and of mutual rights; and inequality of condition soon gave one man power over another. But the wandering life in search of new pastures and more agreeable climates, kept them still within very narrow limits of civilization. The Laplanders in the north of Europe, the Tartars, who inhabit the vast region in the interior of Asia, the Bedouin Arabs, who occupy the sands of Arabia and the north of Africa, and the Caffres and Hottentots in Southern Africa, are the principal wandering tribes that still remain. In countries where the nature of the soil and the value of the productions rendered an abiding residence essential, people took to agriculture, acquired property in land, developed themselves into classes, instituted laws, became less predatory and warlike; and when, in the division of labour and duty, the functions of the civilian became separated from those of the soldier, the civil portion of society cultivated various improvements and assumed the habits of civilized men.

11. What is the chief physical distinction between man and the inferior animals?

The brain of man is proportionally much larger, and the jaws are much shorter than in any other being. The brain, by its great extent, forms the protuberance of the occipital bone, the forehead. and all that part of the head which is above the ears.

In the inferior animals the brain is so small that most of them have no occiput, and the front is either wanting or but little raised. Man combines by far the largest cranium with the smallest face;