A

564.

Burke, Edmund, view of, 826;-never in the
British cabinet, 331;-relation to the Ameri-
can war, 333;-mental hallucination of, 334;
-on the French Revolution, 333.

с

Calvinism and Arminianism, contrast of, 613.
Calvinistic doctrines democratic, 611.
Cardinal de Retz, liberality of, 435.

Catholic church, secularization of, in France,

409.

Causes of the French Revolution, recapitulation
of, GGS.

Chance, doctrine of, 8.

Chantilly, the French actress, 539.

Charlemagne, 230.

Charles I., effect of his execution, 260.

497.

Art, science, and method, gradation of, 646.
Arthur, king, history of, 232.

Atheism, first promulgation of, in France, 619;
-prevalence of, in France, 620.

Atheists indifferent to religion, 619;-interested
in government, 619.

Audigier on the origin of the French, 556.
Authors begin to be independent, 314.

B

Bacon, Francis, as a historian, 5.

Ballads, the groundwork of historical knowl-
edge, 212.

Barrow, Isaac, how treated by Charles II, 283.
Baron d'Holbach and David Hume, 621.
Bichat, labors and estimate of, 639.
Biography, separation from history, 594.
Boileau, 565.

Botany, progress of, 505;-early generalizations
in, 652;-natural system of, 653.
Bossuet's universal history, 569;-contempt for
human nature, 574;-compared with Vol-
taire, 575.

Boyle, 251;-achievements in science, 265;-his
"Skeptical Chemist," 267.

Brazil, 75;-civilization in, 75;-in Peru, 77.
Brain, does its capacity improve from age to
age? 127.

Brown, Sir Thomas, inquiries into vulgar and
common errors, 263;-superstition of, 264.

stood, 274;-hís personal character, 275-280;
misgovernment of, 275;-benefcent meas-
ures of his time, 276;-cause of these leg-
islative reforms, 279;-good influence of his
faults, 280;-treatment of the clergy, 250;—
his respect for Hobbes, 281;-treatment of
the church, 282.

Charles XII, Voltaire's opinion of, 576.
Character, hereditary descent of, 127.
Charron, treatise on wisdom, 375.
Chemistry and geology, comparison of, 629.
Chillingworth's "religion of Protestants,' 251.
Chivalry, origin and effects of, 456; compara-

tive influence in France and England, 458.
Christianity, crusade against, in France, 542;--
early corruption of, 187.
Chronicle of Turpin, 230.

Church, early strength of, in France, 364;- early
benefits of, 365.

Cities, influence of, 112.
Civilization, dependence upon soil and climate,
37-influenced by food, 47;-European, 59;
-Egyptian, 59;-in Central America, 67;-
influenced by trade winds, 78;-of Mexico
and Peru, 80;-European and non-European,
characteristics of, 109;-European, the hu-
man mind predominates in, 110;-why the
inquiry was restricted to English, 167;-in
Germany, 171;-in America, 174;-Scotch,
177;-affected by religion, literature, and
government, 188;-literature, 193;-influ-
ence of government, 197;-starting-point of
modern, 441.

Dates, as food, 60.

D

first introduced into French history, 558.
Daubenton, 634.
Declaration of American Independence, 666.
influence of, upon France, 666.
Deistical writers of the 18th century, excuse
for, 549.

Deluge predicted in 1524, 289.
Descartes, physical discoveries of, 417;-as a
metaphysician, 420;--compared with Chil-
lingworth, 424-as a reformer, 421;-his
method, 422;-foundation of his philosophy,
425-on the idea of God, 426;-influence
upon theology, 427;-analogy to Richelieu,
425;-significance of his career, 429.
Dhourra, as food, 62.

Diderot, persecution and imprisonment of, 587.
Dissenters, persecution of, 802.
Distinction between certainty and precision, in
history, 601.

Dirine right of kings, abandonment of, 494.
Doubt must precede investigation, 242.

Dress, changes in, before the French revolution,

662.

Du Haillan's history of the kings of France,
555-credulity of, 555.
Dupleix, history of France, 558.

repression of the clergy by, 465;-char-
acter of her advisers, 465;-opposition to
the nobles, 466.

Encyclopedia, French, prohibited, 532.
England, critical period of, 355.

death of great scientific men in, 637.

English and French prejudices, 158.
English advancement, conditions of, 438.

English bishops, policy of, in the time of Wil-
liam III. 292.

English government, despotic measures of, late
in 18th century, 849.

English church, arrogance of, in times of James
II., 285.

English intellect, influence of upon France, 519.
English freedom of government, effect of, upon
France after Louis XIV., 527.

English rebellion, disposition of classes in.
469-a war of classes, 471;-a democratie
movement, 473.

English national progress, 168.

English nobility begin to travel, 169.
European aristocracy, beginning of, 448.
Europe, intellectual regeneration of, begins, 238.
Events controlled by law, 6.

Food, effects of, 40;-in hot climates, 42;-in-
fluences population, 40;-in cold climates,
43;-cheap national, effect of, 56;-physio-
logical effects of, (note) 106.

Fox, Charles James, estimate of, 822.
France, provocation to revolution, 589;-infatu-
ation of the government previous to the
revolution, 540;-extent of legislative inter-
ference, 450-second epoch of 18th century,
desperate condition of, 551;-depth of the
loyal sentiment, 543.

Franklin, ambassador to France, 666.
French, why backward in the production of
history, 555.

French and English aristocracies, different ef-
French and English intellects, connexion of,
fects of, 446.

170.

French church, subordinate to the crown, 545.
French intellect, history of, 863.

French government invades the church, 606;-
adopts the policy of toleration, 607.
French history changes its purpose, 581;-in-
Frenchmen, eminent learned, persecuted in
fluence of Turgot upon, 596.
the 18th century, 530.

French nobility, frivolity of, 484;-powers of,

445.

French ignorance of the English in the time of
Frenchmen visit England after the death of
Louis XIV., 518.
Louis XIV., 519.

French Protestants, intolerance of, 401;-their
interference in private affairs, 410-413.
French rebellion (war of the Fronde), condi-

tions of, 470;-why it was neutralized, 486.
French revolution, effects of English inter-
ference concerning, 346;-how to have avoid-
ed it, 550;- antecedents, 659;-causes of,
after the middle of the 18th century, 599:-
its causes complicated, 600.

Free Press in France, 433.
Free-will, doctrine of, 610.

Fronde, wars of, 485;-leaders of, 477;-objects
aimed at, 479.

G

Geology and chemistry, comparison of, 629.
George III., estimate of, 319;-fruits ofhis pol-
icy, 843.

German literature and thought, peculiarities
of, 171.
Gibbon, 308.

Golden tooth, story of, 240.

Historical literature in France from end of 16th
to end of 18th century, 553.
Historians, death of, in time of Louis XIV., 562.
History, extent of its materials, 1;-their mis-

use, 3-as a science, 5;-its key and basis,
24; influence of physical science upon,
25-history of, 209;-European, origin of,
211;-how its sources are corrupted, 218;-
fictions of, in the middle ages, 224;-su-
perior to theology, 578;-quality of, in time
of Louis XIV., 565;-individuals of but lit-
tle account in, 593;-in what real history
consists, 600;-distinction between certainty
and precision in, 601;-dignity of, 671-
what the author hopes to have accomplish-
ed in, 671.

House of Commons, origin of, 446.
House of Lords, deterioration of, 323.
House of Stuart, effect of expulsion of, 289.
Hooker's ecclesiastical polity, 246.

Hurst, Dr., on the golden tooth, 240.

Human actions, mutability of standards of, 129.

Jesuits, repression of, in France, 615.

Liberties of England, guaranties of, 449.
Libraries and books, restraints upon, 351.
Life, animal and organic, 648.
Literature of India, 95;-function of, 193;-how
it becomes injurious, 195;-in the middle
ages, 195;-royal patronage of, 494;-should
not be rewarded by government, 496;-
French and English, relations of, 436.
Longevity in the early ages, Indian view of, 97.
Louis XIV., his despotism, 490;-his policy, 491;

-effects of his persecutions, 492;-patronage
of literature, 498;-unfavorable to science,
499;-to mechanical improvement, 502 ;-
characteristics of his age, 503;-influence
upon art, 511;-state of the masses in the
time of, 516;-death of, 517;-neglect of his
education, 562-his treatment of historians,
568;-mental characteristics of his reign, 568.

M

Macaulay, estimate of, 284.
Machiavelli, 236.

Mahommed, supposed cause of his death, 228.
Mallet's "History of Denmark," 581.
Maize, 78.

Manufacturers, superstition of, 271;-effect of
the progress of, 274.

Marlborough as a civilian, 144.

Martin, bishop of Tours, Bossuet's view of, 572.
Marriages, proportion of, regulated by general
Massillon, 617.
laws, 24.

Mazarin succeeds Richelieu and adopts his lib-
Memory, regularity of its failures, 24.
eral policy, 431.
Men influenced by physical agents, 29.
Mental and physical laws, 112.

Metaphysical method of inquiry, 109-118;-
ditliculty of, 114.

Metaphysical school, modern French, 647.

Meteorology, superstition still connected with,

271.

Military commanders, ancient and modern, 143.
Military and ecclesiastical classes, decline of, 143.
Mineralogy, position of, 654.

Missionaries, failure of, 184.

Montaigne, essays of, 378.

Montesquieu's, "Spirit of Laws," 592;-charac-
teristics of his method of treating history,
593-first connects physical knowledge
with history, 595.

Jews characterized, 570.

Judas, middle age view of, 229.

K

Knowledge preceded by accumulation of wealth,
81; state of, in America, 174; real, in what
it consists, 194.

of, 453.

Moral system immutable, 129.

Moral effects transitory, 181.

Moral and intellectual progress, 125.

Moral and intellectual laws, comparative in-
fluence of, 121.

Morals, its separation from theology, 305;-first
modern attempt to disconnect from theolo
gy, 875.

Murder, regularity of its commission, 18.

Poetry, origin of, 213.

Politics, condition of, 361.
Politicians, occupation of, 510.

Political economy, a modern science, 151;-old
errors of, 152-French first studied, 602.
Popeliniere's history of histories, 559.
Pope's toe, kissing of, 229.

Potatoes as diet, 47.

Powers of nature constant, 112.
Press, liberty of, 206.

Pride and vanity, distinction between, 480.
Private judgment, effect of, 464.

Proceedings of the legislature first reported, 312.
Predestination, doctrine of, 6.

Protestant reformation a rebellion, 468.
Protestants, effect of Richelieu's liberal policy
towards, 394.

Protestantism, why more liberal than Catholi-
cism, 398;-effect of, 189;-arrest of, 190;-a
normal movement, 865.

Protective spirit, history of, 440;-carried into
literature by Louis XIV., 490;-reaction
against France, 517.

Protection, effect of, 488;-on French character,
453;-of intellect impossible by government,
509-of intellect, course of events follow-
ing, 510.

Public meetings forbidden in England, 350.
Public political meetings begin in England, 811.
Public opinion, present authority of, 360.
Puritans, influence of, 261.

16.

Reign of terror in England, 354.

Religion, relation to civilization, 184;-the ef-
fect of human improvement, change of,
corrupts history, 219.

Religious persecutors well intentioned, 132;-
persecution, criminality of, 132, 136;-con-
troversies, decline of, 256;-institutions at-
tacked in France before political, 542.
Rent in different countries, 54.
Restoration, condition of the church at the, 261.
Rhyme, early love of, 213.

Richelieu, comparison with Napoleon, 381;-
represses the spiritual classes, 882;-con-
firms the edict of Nantes, 415.

Rice, influence of, as food, 51.
Richard I. Cœur de Lion, 217.
Rivers, American, 69.
Rochelle, siege of, 415.

Roman emperors, persecutions by, 133.
Rousseau, influence of, 604;-proscription of, 533.
Royal patronage, influence of, upon literature,
494.

Royal presence, right of sitting in France, 481.
Royal society, incorporation of, 268.
Russia, military spirit in, 141.

S

Sailors, superstition of, 271.
Science engages the greatest thinkers, 256;-ef-
fect of its progress, 269.
Scientific progress and social rebellion in
France, connexion of, 658.

Scientific advancement in France during the
latter half of the 18th century, 627.
Scotland, religious intolerance in, 192.
Scotch history, 177.

Sensationalism, 116.

Sexes, proportion in the births of, how deter-
mined, 121.

Shakspeare ignorant of ancient languages, 587.
Siva, the Hindoo deity, 101.

Skeptical book, first, in the French language, 557.
Skeptical movement, effect of, in 18th century,
807.

Skepticism, effect of, 243; the beginning of sci-
ence, 250;-modern, precedes inquiry, 242;-
benefits of, 258;-what the author under-
stands by, 258;-first example of, in France,
872-spiritual, precedes literary, 554.
Smith's "Wealth of Nations," 154.
Smugglers, 202.

Society, influence of legislation upon, 197.
Social forces, complex action of, 22.
Social orders, amalgamation of, in France be-
fore the revolution, 664.
Socrates, influence of, 258.
Soil, influence of, 83.
Soldiers, superstition of, 271.
Spain, skepticism in, 243.
Spanish history, 177.
Stationary classes, 463.

Statistics applied to moral actions, 17;-value of,

24.

Steam as a pacificator, 160.

Stoffler, on astronomy, of Tubingen, predicts a

deluge, 239.

Style of writing changes early in 18th century,

813.

Suicide, regularity of, 19; and climate, 159.
Superstition, results from physical surround-
ings, 87; of sailors and soldiers, 271;-how
undermined, 269;-of country-people and
towns-people, 278.

Superstitious worship, origin of, 90.
Suppression of books in France in 18th cen-
tury, 534.