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(A) Hoffmann and Ihne have published a special list of plants selected by them as a result of many years' experience in Europe. The following calendar, copied from the appeal for "phenological observations," contained in their "Beitrage, 1884," shows the names of the plants and the approximate date in Europe of the phenomena that they wish to have observed. Corresponding observations in America are desirable and should be communicated either to them directly or to the journals of botany, climatology, or general science, or to the botanist of the Department of Agriculture.

CALENDAR FOR PHENOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

Instructions.-Plants should be examined daily. The object is to obtain for individual stations average data characteristic of the climate; therefore plants that are known to be exceptionally early or late, and those that are forced by special treatment, or those that are artificially trained on walls are not to be considered. It is not necessary to confine the observations to the same plant year after year, but to those individuals that represent the average conditions of the plant in nature.

For brevity the following notation may be used:

(P) Pollen disseminated (Pollen effunditur. Linne).

(1) Leaf, or the first visible surfaces of the leaves, or beginning of the leafing out or of the foliage (frondescentia: prima folia explicantur Linne; erste Blattoberfläche Hoffmann; feuillaison Quetelet). (F) Full foliage: All leaves have appeared (folatio perf. Linne; allgemeine Blatt Hoffmann).

(2) Flower, or the first opening of the flower buds (efflorescentia: primi flores ostenduntur Linne; erste Blüthe offen Hoffmann; floraison Quetelet).

(3) Ripe fruit (Prima fructus matura; baccæ definite colorato Linne; erste Frucht reif Hoffmann; maturation des fruits Quetelet). (H) Harvest, or first date of cutting cereals (Ernte Anfang Hoffmann; Messis initium Linne).

(4) Leaves color or fall (foliorum pars major decolorata Linne); allgemeine Laubverfarbung Hoffmann; vollständige Entlaubung Karl Fritsch; Effeuillaison, chute des feuilles Quetelet).

Phenological calendar for Giessen.

[Lat. 50° 35′ N.; long. 8° 12′ east of Greenwich; altitude, 160 meters.]

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(B) Smithsonian list.-In the United States calls for phenological observations were issued by the New York Agricultural Society in 1807 and by the Regents of the University of New York about 1820, also by Josiah Meigs as Commissioner of the General Land Office in 1817, but the principal work has been that undertaken by Prof. Joseph Henry, who as Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution established in 1848 a system of phenological observations undoubtedly arranged by Dr. Asa Gray or Dr. Arnold Guyot, and subsequently published a revised list of plants and epochs.

This system was also promulgated by the Department of the Interior on behalf of the Patent Office and its Bureau of Agriculture requesting accurate observations. The following is an abstract of Doctor Gray's schedule, which is here produced, because we shall have occasion to quote observations made on this plan, which was a slight modification of Quetelet's plan.

The observations thus collected by the Smithsonian, 1854-1859, were used by Fritsch in his memoir and list quoted on page 191.

The following observations were requested by the Smithsonian Institution:

(1) Frondescence, or leafing: When the buds first open and exhibit the green leaf.

(2) Flowering: When the anther is first exhibited—(a) in the most favorable location; (b) general flowering of the species.

(3) Fructification: When the pericarp splits spontaneously in dehiscent fruits or the indehiscent fruit is fully ripe.

(4) Fall or leaf: When the leaves have nearly all fallen.

List of plants recommended for observation by the Smithsonian Institution.

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528

533 Erythronium americanum Smith

335

401

Fraxinus americana L

311

389 103

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Red or soft maple.

White or silver maple.

Sugar maple.

Millefoil or yarrow.

Red baneberry.

White baneberry; necklace weed.

Horse-chestnut.

Ohio buckeye.

Yellow buckeye.

Tree of heaven; ailanthus.

Shad bush; service berry.

False indigo.

Flowering almond.

Wind flower; wood anemone.

Wild columbine.

Bearberry.

Papaw.

Milkweed.

Common red honeysuckle.

Trumpet creeper.

Chestuut.

Shagbark or shellbark hickory.

Redbud; Judas tree.

Chokeberry or chokecherry.

Wild black cherry.

Fringe tree.

Black-snake root; rattlesnake root.

Spring beauty.

White alder or sweet pepper bush.

Flowering dogwood. (The real flower,

not the white involucre.)

Cockspur thorn.

Scarlet-fruited thorn.

English hawthorn.

Trailing arbutus; ground laurel.

Willow herb.

Dogtooth violet or adder's-tongue.
White ash.

289 Gaylussacia resinosa Torrey and Gray. Black huckleberry.

Yellow false foxglove.
Crane's bill.

a This genus of Rosace is not in Gray's Manual of Plants Indigenous to United States.

List of plants recommended for observation by the Smithsonian Institution-Con.

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Laurus benzoin L (Benzoin odoriferum Spice bush; Benjamin bush.
Nees.)

Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.......

Linnæa borealis (Gronov) (Linnæus).

Podophyllum peltatum L.

Pontederia cordata L

334

310

Halesia tetraptera Willd..

38

38

Hepatica triloba Chaix..

213

Houstonia cærulea Hook.

94

85

Hypericum perforatum L

513

516

Iris versicolor L.....

319

298

Kalmia latifolia L...

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Pyrus malus L.

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Pogonia ophioglossoides Nutt
Pyrus communis L...

Rhododendron maximum L

Sambucus canadensis L....

Ox-eye daisy; white weed.

Twin flower.

Red cardinal flower.

Foreign spurs.

Wild lupine.

Tulip tree; American poplar.

Small or laurel magnolia; sweet bay.
Partridge berry.

Red mulberry.

Sweet-scented water lily.

Peach.

Mandrake; May apple.

Pickerel weed.

Adder's-tongue.

Common pear tree.
Common apple tree.
White oak.
Great laurel.
Red currant.
Common locust.
Clammy locust.
Blackberry.

Common elder.

Black elder.

Bloodroot.

Side-saddle flower.

Early saxifrage.

Two-leaved Solomon-seal.

166 Syringa vulgaris L. (Philadelphus Lilac

219 206

coronarius Gray.)

Taraxacum dens-leonis Desf.

Dandelion.

Bass wood; American lime or lindea.
American elm.

Sweet viburnum.

This genus of the order Rosacea is not in Gray's Manual of Plants Indigenous to the United States.

Chapter XI.

ACCLIMATIZATION AND HEREDITY.

Scientific literature is full of illustrations of the natural and artificial acclimatization of plants and the influence of the annual variations of climate on the crops, all of which exemplify Linsser's general laws.

GRAPEVINE.

The following remarks and data relative to the changes of climate during the historical period, as given by Fritz (1889, pp. 266–269)., will be valuable for further study and are referred to in another part of this work:

The northern boundary of vine culture in Europe extends from somewhat north of the mouth of the Loire, where the Marne empties into the Seine, to the junction of the Aar and the Rhine, north of the Erzgebirge, to about the fifty-second degree of latitude, descends along the Carpathians to the forty-ninth degree, extends on this parallel eastward, and near the Volga turns southward to its mouth, on the Caspian Sea. In the middle ages wine was made in the south of England, in Gloucester and Windsor; in the Netherlands; in Namur, Liege, Louvain; in northern Germany, in the Eifel range of hills in Sauerland (a division of Rhenish Prussia), on the slopes of the Ruhr Mountains, on the Weser as far as Raddesdorf, in lesser Waldeck (or Pyrmont); in Hesse as far as Fritzlar; in Thuringia, in Brandenburg, and in lower Lusatia; in Berlin, Brandenburg, Oderberg, Guben; in Prussia, at Kulm, Neuenburg, Thorn, Marienburg, even beyond Königsberg; in Kurland (Courland), and even in Seeland (Zealand) the vine has been cultivated in great quantities. Although we have very favorable accounts of many harvests in those times, even for the highest of the latitudes mentioned above, still one must not generalize too far. The sensation of taste is very variable and often peculiar. We frequently at the present time obtain a very sour beverage from countries reputed to produce good wine, and in the north we eat grapes which farther south are considered very sour. It must be taken for granted that in those times when there was no communication over long distances they were not very exacting in regard to wine, particularly as the best wines were unknown, as must have been the case in northern Germany; the Netherlands, and England. If the wine was harsh and sour, it was still wine, which in favorable years, and even in those latitudes where the crop did excellently well, could be made into a very drinkable beverage. In later times, and when better wines became known, when

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