Of this sum I direct that my said trustees devote a part, not to exceed one hundred thousand dollars, to the erection, upon land to be given for that purpose, free of cost or rental, by the President and Fellows of Yale College, in New Haven, of a fire-proof museum building, adapted to the present requirements of these three departments of science, but planned with especial reference to its subsequent enlargement, the building, when completed, to become the property, of said college for the uses of this trust, and none other.

I further direct that the sum of twenty thousand dollars be invested, and accumulate as a building fund until it shall amount to at least one hundred thousand dollars, when it may be employed by my said trustees, or their successors, in the erection of one or more additions to the museum building, or in its final completion; the land for the same also to be provided free of cost or rental by the President and Fellows of Yale College, in New Haven, and the entire structure when completed to be the property of Yale College, for the uses of this trust and none other.

I further direct that thirty thousand dollars, the remaining portion of this donation, be invested, and the income from it be expended by my said trustees, or their successors, for the care of the museum, increase of its collections and general interests of the departments of science already named; the part of the income remaining after providing for the general care of the museum to be apportioned in the following manner; three-sevenths to zoology, three-sevenths to geology, and one-seventh to mineralogy; the said collections, as well as the museum building, to be exclusively for the benefit of the various departments of said College.

The Board of Trustees I have thus constituted shall always be composed of seven persons, of whom not more than four shall at any one time be members of the Faculty of Yale College. They shall have the general management of the museum, keep a record of their doings, and annually prepare a report setting forth the condition of the trust and funds, and the amount of income received and paid out by them during the previous year. This report, signed by the trustees, shall be presented to the President and Fellows of Yale College, in New Haven, at their annual summer session, and be by them filed in the archives of said college.

In the event of the death or resignation of either of my said trustees, I direct that his successor be the Governor of Connecticut, who, ex officio, shall forever after be a member of the Board. Any other vacancy that may occur in the Board of Trustees, either by resignation or by death, shall be filled by the remaining trustees within a reasonable time after such vacancy shall have occurred.

I give to my said trustees, and their successors, the liberty to appoint a treasurer, and to enter into any agreements with the President and Fellows of Yale College, not inconsistent with the terms of this trust, which may in their opinion be expedient.

(Signed,)

New York, Oct. 22, 1866.

GEORGE PEABODY.

In addition to the above donations Mr. Peabody has recently given $500,000 to the Peabody Institute established by him at Baltimore, making its present endowment $1,000,000; and has increased to $250,000

his previous gift to the Peabody Institute in his native town of Danvers, Mass. Each of these institutions will contain an extensive library, and annually provide several courses of free lectures on scientific and literary subjects. Mr. Peabody has, moreover, just made a donation of $25,000 to Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., to provide instruction in the natural sciences and mathematics, and another of the same amount to Kenyon College, Ohio, for a similar purpose. He has also recently given $20,000 to the library fund of the Maryland Historical Society, and founded free libraries at Georgetown, Mass., and Thetford, Vt.

These munificent gifts, amounting in all to nearly $1,650,000, place the donor, already so highly honored for his other noble charities, among the foremost benefactors of science, and cannot fail to exert a most beneficial influence upon the educational interests of this country.

OBITUARY.

GEORGE W. FEATHERSTONHAUGH, the author of a geological report on the Missouri and Red rivers, published by our government, in 1834, and originator and editor of Featherstonhaugh's Geological Journal published in 1831, 1832 at Philadelphia, died at Havre on Sept. 28, in his eightieth year. He had been consul at Havre for nearly twenty years.

VI. MISCELLANEOUS BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. Geological Map of the Department of the Seine, by Mr. DELesse. -This elaborate and beautiful Chart, the publication of which was announced in the last number of this Journal (p. 440), is worthy of a careful examination by all who are interested in the construction of maps of this kind, or in the geology of the region it embraces. It is constructed on a scale of 1:25000, and the method employed by Delesse is essentially the same as that used in his map of the city of Paris. The various formations, with exception of the diluvium, which is supposed to be removed, are represented by colors as in ordinary geological maps. In addition to this a new feature is introduced, which will doubtless be often employed in the future, and hence deserves more than a passing notice. By means of a system of horizontal curves, drawn at a perpendicular distances of 20 meters from each other, measured from the level of the sea, a subterranean geological map, or rather a series of maps, is formed on which the surfaces of the principal formations for each level is indicated. To obtain these curves Mr. Delesse examined all the various localities, where it was possible to make a geological section,-especially the quarries, wells, and other surface excavations, as well as the numerous subterranean works, executed within the last few years in the environs of Paris. Starting from data thus obtained, the elevation of the points, where a geological section was made, was accurately determined by leveling, and the operation repeated until a system of points was obtained sufficiently near together to admit of the tracing of horizontal curves indicating each surface. In this manner is represented the upper surface of the Cretaceous, the Plastic Clay, the White marls above the Calcaire grossier, the Travertin of St. Ouen, the Green clays, the Sandstone of Fontainebleau, and finally the under surface of the Diluvium. The intervening formations are, of course, also indicated by the same curves.

By the aid of this subterranean geological map, it is easy to determine the strata which would be struck at any given point in the vicinity of Paris; for the colors indicate the formation lying immediately under the diluvium, and, as the point selected will fall between two horizontal curves representing the surfaces of the different strata, a fourth proportional is all that is required to calculate the depth at which any one of these surfaces may be reached.

The method employed in the execution of the map facilitates, moreover, a thorough study of the formations represented, and may be advantageously used in exploring for deposits of economic value. The chart has other features of interest which will repay examination. It is probably the most elaborate geological map ever constructed, and will doubtless long be regarded as a model.

O. C. M.

2. The American Naturalist, a Popular Magazine of Natural History.-Under this title, the Officers of the Essex Institute, Salem, Mass., propose to publish a monthly magazine, commencing early in the present year.

The object of this journal is to supply a long-existing demand for a popular illustrated magazine of Natural History, devoted to the exposition of scientific topics in a free and familiar manner, without those technicalities which often render the mass of such reading tedious and difficult.

Among the contents of the magazine, will be papers on topics of a general and special nature relating to Natural History, illustrated with appropriate wood engravings, and occasional lithographic plates; these papers will be mainly original, but compilations and translations of papers from other sources will be introduced when deemed of sufficient interest. It will also contain accounts of excursions and expeditions made for scientific purposes, with descriptions of the various objects of interest discovered-explanations of the principles of the structure, development and classification of Animals and Plants, both living and fossil, and notices of recent discoveries in Geology and Archæology-directions for collecting, preparing and arranging collections, including descriptions of the latest methods of mounting and preparing specimens-short reviews of scientific and popular works on Natural History-brief notices of the meetings of the Natural History Societies throughout the country-descriptions of scientific museums, and answers to correspondents on scientific topics. Each number will contain 48 octavo pages of reading matter, besides advertising sheets.

Such a magazine is greatly needed in this country and will doubtless meet the patronage to which its able corps of editors and imposing list

of contributors entitle it.

The editors are A. S. Packard, Jr., M.D., in connection with E. S. Morse, Alpheus Hyatt and F. W. Putnam.

V.

3. A Manual of Blowpipe Analysis and Determinative Mineralogy; by WILLIAM ELDERHORST, M.D. Third edition, 12mo, pp. 179, revised and greatly enlarged. Philadelphia, 1866. (T. Ellwood Zell.)-The value of this useful manual on blowpipe analysis has already been recognized in this Journal in noticing the second edition. But we have failed to discover evidence of the revision and enlargement announced on the title page of the third edition.

4. Catalogue of the Silurian Fossils of Anticosti, with descriptions of new genera and species; by E. BILLINGS, F.G.S. 94 pp., large 8vo. Montreal, 1866. From the Geological Survey of Canada, Sir W. E. Logan, Director. This report on the fossils of Anticosti, by the accomplished paleontologist of the geological survey of Canada, is more than a mere catalogue, as it contains descriptions of many species, with a number of wood-cuts. We defer a further notice to another number.

5. Lessons in Elementary Chemistry; by HENRY E. ROSCOE, B.A., F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in Owens College, Manchester. London, Macmillan & Co., 1866. 18mo, pp. viii, 398.-This book of Dr. Roscoe's, though designedly an elementary work, is written from an advanced standpoint, and, while simple and clear in its statements, it carries the student fully up to the position which the science of chemistry has now reached. Adopting the unitary system in its completeness, it spends but little time in prefatory explanations, but leaves the philosophy to be gathered from the several substances considered. We notice several chapters of great value: especially those on the physical properties of gases; on the atomicity of the elements; on crystallography; on spectrum analysis, and solar and stellar chemistry; and his chapters introductory to organic chemistry. Questions upon the sections, with exercises are given in an appendix. We are glad to see he has abolished the unsatisfactory term "anhydride" and substituted "oxide" instead: the nitr-oxygen series being "nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitric trioxide, nitric tetroxide, and nitric pentoxide." His "potassium oxide" seems to us less smooth than the "potassic oxide" of Williamson; and "hydricpotassium sulphate" is improved if written hydro-potassic sulphate. We commend this little volume as one of the best elementary treatises on chemistry in the English language.

3

5

G. F. B.

6. Lecture notes for Chemical Students: embracing Mineral and Organic Chemistry; by EDWARD FRANKLAND, F.R.S., For. Sec. C. S., Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Institution of Great Britain, etc. London, John Van Voorst, Paternoster Row, 1866. 12mo, pp. xx, 422.— Dr. Frankland's views upon the constitution of chemical compounds are well known through his published papers. "Organic as well as inorganic compounds are most instructively represented upon the typical compounds of the most polyatomic radical they contain." Thus upon the types SbCl, and SbCl all the compounds of antimony may be written as SbEt, and SbEt I. And CEtI, allylic iodid, and CMe, H2, propylic hydrid, are formed upon the carbon types CO and CO2. Here it is evident that the composition of these compounds is determined by the equivalence of the highest poly-equivalent radical they contain. Each of the determinants in the above examples, however, has two equivalencies; antimony acts as a triad and a pentad, carbon as a dyad and a tetrad. Dr. Frankland considers that in the highest compound of any radical its power of combination is saturated; this he calls the point * H=1, 0=16, C=12, Sn=118, Pt=1974, Me=(CH,), Et=(C2H5), Ho= (HO), etc.

+ Dr. Wolcott Gibbs proposes the term "determinant" for the highest polyequivalent radical in a compound, "object" for the body saturating it, and "resultant" for the product. In ammonia, for example, N is the determinant, H the object, and NH, the resultant.

AM. JOUR. SCI.-SECOND SERIES, VOL. XLIII, No. 127.-JAN., 1867.

of atomic saturation. In this stage bodies can neither combine with other bodies nor replace them; and they cannot take part in any chemical change without undergoing decomposition. Below this point, however, there are in most cases certain points of comparative stability, at one of which this stability may be at its maximum, the compound undergoing decomposition less readily than when atomically saturated. Thus nitrogen atomically saturated is a pentad; but it has a trivalent and a univalent stage, of which the former is the stage of maximum stability. In this stage bodies may unite directly with or replace other bodies, thus acting like compound radicals. This fact Dr. Frankland explains by supposing that the units of attraction or bonds of an atom may saturate each other by pairs. Nitrogen as a pentad is N, as a triad

N>, and a monad <N>. The maximum number of bonds he calls the "absolute atomicity," the number of bonds united to each other "latent atomicity;" and those free to unite "active atomicity." The absolute atomicity equals of course the sum of the other two. The hexad iron forms ferrous chlorid ivFe''Cl2, in which the active atomicity is two; ferric chlorid "Fe,"Cl, in which it is three; and ferric acid FeviO2Ho2, in which all the atomicity is active.

2

The book above mentioned is a synopsis of a course of lectures delivered at the Royal College of Chemistry in the fall of 1865-6, and is devoted to a development of these views. In all the rational formulæ it contains, the determinant is written first, printed in heavy type, thus: OH2, SnO2, PtCl, OOKo2; indicating that it is united with all the active bonds of the other radicals, following upon the same line." With one atom of the determinant as above, formulæ are mon-adelphic; with two of equal power di-adelphic, etc. In the latter case one symbol is soil, written below the other, connected by a bracket, thus: O Dr. Frankland uses the bracket solely to signify that the atoms it connects exchange one bond. These atoms may be united indirectly as in me

thylic ether,

CH.

O
CH.

3

3

where the dyad oxygen atom links them together.

Speaking of rational formulæ the author says, "the formula ought to show, first, whether the hydrogen is combined with the carbon or with the oxygen; or if combined with both, it should indicate how many atoms are united with the carbon and how many with the oxygen. Secondly, the formula ought to show whether the oxygen be united with the carbon or with the hydrogen, or partly with the one and partly with the other; or, lastly, whether it be performing the function of linking hydrogen to carbon." p. 201. The representation in a formula of the mode in which the atoms are held together (and not of course their relative position in space) so necessary to explain cases of isomerism, and which cannot be given by the ordinary typical formulæ, is well obtained by A10 those of Dr. Frankland. In aluminic oxyd, for example, { A10o, each aluminum atom exchanges one bond with its fellow, two with the dyad