Crude petroleum and petroleum products are received in Baltimore in

large quantities from numerous domestic and foreign points each year and constitute one of the largest single commodities in the port's waterborne commerce. Located in the Fairfield and Curtis Bay sections of the harbor are several oil receiving stations and refining plants for the receipt, refining, and distribution of crude petroleum and its products.

Foreign Trade.- During the interval elapsed since publication of the last revision of the Baltimore Port Series report in 1946 significant changes have taken place in regard to the character and volume of the foreign waterborne commerce of the port. Calendar year figures for 1941 were reported on at that time.

(1) Includes following foreign trade areas:

Caribbean; East Coast South America; West Coast South America; West Coast Central America and Mexico; and Gulf Coast Mexico. (2) United Kingdom and Ireland; Baltic, Scandinavia, Iceland, and Greenland; Bayonne-Hamburg Range; Portugal and Spanish Atlantic; and Azores, Mediterranean, and Black Sea Area.

(3) West Coast Africa; South and East Africa; and India, Persian Gulf,

and Red Sea.

(4) Australasia; Malaya and Indonesia; South China, Formosa, and

Philippines; and North China and Japan.

(5) Pacific Canada; Great Lakes Canada; Atlantic Canada; and

Newfoundland.

Exports. The total volume of foreign exports shipped from the port of Baltimore during the calendar year 1954, amounted to 3,648,780 long tons. This represented an increase of 148 percent in volume compared with the year 1941 reported in the last revision of the Port Series on the port of Baltimore. Heavy grain shipments from Baltimore continued during 1954 totaling 1,575,652 tons, destined principally to countries in Europe and the Mediterranean areas. The total movement originated throughout midwest United States and

Canada.

Shipments of coal and other non-metallic minerals amounted to 637,110 tons, principally from the mines of Western Maryland, Pennsylvania and West Virginia for discharge mainly in Europe, Mediterranean area, and Japan.

Iron and steel shipments through Baltimore totaled 697,062 tons for world wide distribution. Hinterland points of origin included the Pittsburgh, Youngstown, and Cleveland districts, and Sparrows Point, Maryland.

Chemicals, produced mainly at plants in Baltimore, amounted to 385,842

tons destined principally to Latin America and the Far East.

Imports.- Baltimore's import tonnage during 1954 totaled 13,346,250 long tons of 2,240 pounds. This represented a considerable increase over 1941 but a reduction of 10 percent under 1953 tonnages which was occasioned by a decline of metallic ore imports. Metallic ore imports totaled nine and one-half million tons in 1954 or about 72 percent of the total.

Iron ore, the volume leader in the import trade, amounted to 6,978,626

tons in 1954 supplied chiefly by the following sources: Venezuela, 35 percent; Chile, 21 percent; Norway-Sweden, 19 percent; Quebec-Labrador, 11 percent; Liberia, 8 percent; Brazil, 6 percent; with lesser amounts originating in Dominican Republic, Cuba, Mexico, Iran, and Italy. A major portion of such ore movement consists of so-called "captive" ore whereby its movement is controlled by American steel or mining companies.

A brief description of each of the main foreign sources of iron ore

follows.

Venezuela.- Bethlehem Steel Company's deposits of iron ore in Venezuela furnished a major portion (2,427,264 tons) of the import movement of this com modity in 1954. are is discharged principally at Bethlehem's Sparrows Point facility with minor portions being handled at public facilities in Baltimore. The ore is processed at Sparrows Point, Maryland or at other plants at Bethlehem, Steelton, and Johnstown, Pennsylvania.

Chile. This country ranked second as foreign supplier of iron ore during 1954 shipping 1,457,567 tons into Baltimore from mines controlled by Bethle

hem Steel Company.

Norway Sweden.- Over one and one-quarter million tons of iron ore moved inbound from this range in 1954. This ore is Swedish mined and most of it is shipped through the port of Narvik, Norway.

Quebec-Labrador.- According to figures furnished by the Bureau of the Census this foreign area furnished about 745,000 tons of Baltimore's iron ore imports. The ore is mined in Labrador by the Iron Ore Company of Canada and is shipped from recently constructed docks at Seven Islands, Quebec. The movement from the Labrador mines to Baltimore and also Philadelphia began in August, 1954.

It is estimated that about one-half of this particular movement into

Baltimore was consumed at Bethlehem's Sparrows Point plant while the balance moved inland through Baltimore principally to Canton, Hamilton, and Massillon,

Ohio.

Liberia.- Iron mines located in this area are controlled by Republic Steel Company which shipped over one-half million tons to Baltimore. Furnaces belonging to this company are located at South Chicago, Illinois; and Cleveland, Massillon, Warren, and Youngstown, Ohio.

Brazil.- Brazilian deposits which are controlled by the Brazilian Government supplied over 419,000 tons of Baltimore's iron ore movement.

Manganese and chrome ores were also handled in considerable quantities

at the port of Baltimore, totaling 1,703,562 tons and 704,041 tons respectively in 1954. Manganese originated principally in India, Africa (West, South, and East), Cuba, Brazil, and Portuguese Asia while chrome was shipped mostly from Mozambique, Turkey, and Philippine Republic.

Petroleum products from Venezuela, Netherlands Antilles, and Mexico totaled 2,186,328 tons.

Gypsum rock imports were loaded in Canada's Cape Breton Island ports of Dingwall and Little Narrows.

Considerable quantities of raw sugar were unloaded in the harbor during 1954 when the import movement amounted to 356,418 tons, mostly from Cuba and the Philippine Republic. Other shipments were received in the non-contiguous trade.

Domestic Coastwise and Non-contiguous Trades.- In discussion of these trades it should be noted that cargo data are reported in short tons of 2,000 pounds following the custom of the trade.

The following summary table indicates that the port of Baltimore handled

nearly eight and a half million tons of waterborne commerce in the domestic coastwise and non-contiguous trades during 1954.

It should be noted that calendar year 1941 was the year that our intercoastal fleet was diverted from its customary route into emergency service for overseas supply lines. The summary shown above, therefore, is for historical purposes only, as the two periods are not comparable.

Coastwise Trade. The outbound coastwise traffic in 1954 consisted of 540,935 short tons of which 81 percent was destined to Gulf coast ports and 19 percent to Atlantic coast ports. Metals and manufactures, petroleum products, and chemicals were the leading commodities. The principal ports of destination for the outbound coastwise movement included such Atlantic coast ports as New York, New Haven, Paulsboro, and Hartford while the Gulf segment included mainly Houston, New Orleans, and Tampa.

The inbound coastwise movement at Baltimore during 1954 amounted to 6,630,404 short tons of which 6 percent originated in the Atlantic coast area and 94 percent at Gulf coast ports. Leading commodities included petroleum products, sulfur, and fertilizers.

Intercoastal Trade. The outbound intercoastal movement from Baltimore during 1954 amounted to 618,232 short tons of 2,000 pounds. The principal commodities transported consisted of metals and manufacturers which totaled 545,729 tons or 88 percent of the total outbound intercoastal movement. Shipments of machinery and vehicles totaled 17,021 tons or nearly 3 percent of the