only doubled, but quadrupled. The people cannot understand what creates that great spread between the producer and the consumer.

Mr. JUMP. That is another reason why we would like to have accurate figures as to the salaries of Government employees. Mr. Cannon had that figure of $2,800 in mind as the average salary of the Federal employees in the District of Columbia. Somebody furnished him that figure as the average salary of Government employees in the District, but the correct figure, as I compute if from the Budget, is around $1,900.

OVERTIME WORK

Mr. EISENHOWER. I would like to make a final comment on this item. We reduced the personnel of the Office of Information by 26 on June 30, due to the decrease brought about by the cash withdrawal limitation; the decrease came just at the time this new program reached its height. Many of us were compelled to work excessively long hours each day for a period of three months; we are still working ten hours per day. One section is working in two shifts from 8:30 in the morning until 11 o'clock at night. Sometimes this force works until 3 o'clock in the morning. I refer specifically to our force in the duplicating plant. I make this statement strictly in justification of the estimate for 1935, which is identical with the expenditures for 1934, plus $17,141 for salary restoration. I do not think we can cut any more and continue to function. We now have a new responsibility. Adjusting an agricultural industry as a whole-such as the cotton industry-brings up innumerable farm management or adjustment problems for the individual producer. The individual farmer needs all the technical information we can supply on pasture production, soil erosion control, soil improvement, the right kinds of forage crops to grow in the locality, and so on. We are now directing our efforts to help the individual meet his new problems.

Mr. SINCLAIR. How can you take on all this additional work due to the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, while you have been reducing your appropriation each year? For 1932 it was higher than for 1933, and the appropriation for 1933 was higher than that for

1934.

Mr. EISENHOWER. I hope I have made it perfectly clear that the Agricultural Adjustment Administration has now set up its own information unit, and the two are working together. They are handling daily newspaper and related releases. We are handling their radio broadcasting. In all possible ways we have supplemented and helped them in their educational work. As I mentioned before, the Department has for years put out economic information; we have now given emphasis and direction to that information so as to make it help farmers make adjustments. I would not have it understood that we are handling all of the information work-research, regulatory, service, and adjustment-because that would be inac

curate.

Mr. SANDLIN. There is no duplication of the work.

Mr. EISENHOWER. No, sir; there is no duplication of the work. For example, we have always had a mimeograph plant, equipped with mimeograph and multigraph machines, and other machines; instead of building up a new plant for the Adjustment Administration we have simply put two shifts into the present plant. The night force is paid for by the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, while

the office of Information pays for the day force. In that way we keep the machines running continuously, at minimum cost.

There is, again, no duplication in press activities. Funds for the Press Service have been decreased from $42,587 in 1932 to $28,705 in the estimates for 1935. It is expecially the duty of the Press Service to provide, direct to the press, as well as to State Extension editors, brief interpretive articles which will help the farmer not only act to balance supply with demand but also improve his practices and reduce costs of production in accordance with the findings of science.

Finally, funds available for the Division of Publications-including the units handling the editorial, indexing, illustrating, photographic, printing, mailing list, distribution, and duplicating work-have been decreased about 30 percent. I should like to point out that while press releases and radio programs are effective in initiating action and in accomplishing a united effort on the part of millions of farmers over widely scattered areas, farmers also need information in more detail and in more permanent form for their study and guidance. Particularly, farmers need more and more economic information in printed form. The publications which I have already cited "Economic Trends Affecting Agriculture", and "Economic Bases for the Agricultural Adjustment Act" are examples of what is needed. The demand for assistance from the Division of Publications has not decreased. We still receive all the way from 150,000 to 200,000 letters a month seeking information, and these queries can be handled most expeditiously and cheaply by mailing bulletins.

PRINTING AND BINDING, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Mr. SANDLIN. Your next item is for printing and binding. Your current appropriation for this purpose is $850,000, and the estimate for 1935 is $610,466.

(The item is as follows:)

For all printing and binding for the Department of Agriculture, inluding all of its bureaus, offices, institutions, and services located in Washington, District of Columbia, and elsewhere, $610,466, including the purchase of reprints of scientific and technical articles published in periodicals and journals; printing the proceedings of the Twelfth International Veterinary Congress to be held in the United States during the fiscal year 1935, not to exceed $11,000; the Annual Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, as required by the Act approved January 12, 1895 (U.S.C., title 44, secs. 111, 212-220, 222, 241, 244, 257), and in pursuance of the Joint Resolution Numbered 13, approved March 30, 1906 (U.S.C., title 44, secs. 214, 224), and also including not to exceed $250,000 for farmers' bulletins, which shall be adapted to the interests of the people of the different sections of the country, an equal proportion of four-fifths of which shall be delivered to or sent out under the addressed franks furnished by the Senators, Representatives, and Delegates in Congress, as they shall direct, but not including work done at the field printing plants of the Weather Bureau and the Forest Service authorized by the Joint Committee on Printing, in accordance with the Act approved March 1, 1919 (U.S.C., title 44, secs. 111, 220).

Mr. EISENHOWER. The following statement is presented for inclusion in the printed hearings:

The reduction of $239,534 in the estimate of $610,466 below the appropriation of $850,000 for 1934 is brought about through curtailments in 1934 working funds. The printing and binding estimates for 1935, while identical to the expenditures for 1934, represent a decrease of $50,368 below the expenditures for 1933, and $376,534 below the expenditures for 1932.

Job and related printing cannot be postponed to the same degree as technical and popular manuscripts. Regulatory and certain mandatory publications cannot be curtailed to the same degree as others. Consequently, as compared to 1932, large reductions have been made in expenditures for technical and popular bulletins.

CHANGES IN LANGUAGE

The insertion of new language in the paragraph for printing and binding is recommended, as follows:

(a) The language "the purchase of reprints of scientific and technical articles published in periodicals and journals" would enable the Department to obtain for distribution copies of articles which report results of economic and technical research of the Department and which are usually written by members of the Department's staff. With printing funds greatly curtailed, scientists of the bureaus are compelled to give many of their manuscripts to nongovernmental journals for original printing in order that there may be a minimum delay in presenting research results to technical workers in agriculture. Most of these nongovernmental journals do not supply copies of separates to the Department but they can be purchased at a nominal charge covering press and binding operations. The Department would seldom buy more than two or three hundred copies of such separates. This practice is not a desirable substitute for official printing, but it will be of great assistance during the emergency period when printing funds are curtailed.

(b) The change in language by adding "printing the proceedings of the Twelfth International Veterinary Congress to be held in the United States during the fiscal year 1935, not to exceed $11,000" is an authorization needed only for the 1 fiscal year. Representatives of 61 nations will attend this congress. They will be outstanding men engaged in research and administration of veterinary matters. Carefully prepared papers embodying the latest results of the inquiries of the foremost men of the world along this line will be presented. The printing of these data will be of great value to the livestock industry of the United States. Particularly valuable will be the views of the various delegates on the subject of contagious abortion, a disease which is costing this country $50,000,000 a year and which will be one of the diseases most discussed at the congress, with an elaborate symposium on the subject. More work on contagious abortion is being conducted in Great Britain, Germany, Austria, and other foreign countries than in the United States and complete scientific information on this malady may save the expenditure of large sums of money in this country.

To avoid asking for an increase of $11,000 to cover the cost of printing these proceedings, the office of information will further postpone the printing of a comparable amount of its own manuscripts, until the fiscal year 1936.

WORK DONE UNDER THIS APPROPRIATION

The work under this appropriation consists of publishing the results of the economic, scientific research, service, and regulatory work of the Department. Necessary and administrative forms, letterheads, certificates, etc., are printed. The various types of published material may be grouped roughly into four classifications: Administrative job work and binding; administrative reports, periodicals, and publications; research and technical publications; popular publications. The first two groups are used primarily to aid the proper administration within the Department itself. Publications falling within the last two classifications are used to furnish economic, scientific, and other practical knowledge to farmers, scientists, economists, processors, and the general public.

Mr. EISENHOWER. The appropriation for printing and binding in 1932 was $1,000,000; but we spent $13,000 less than that, or $987,000. The appropriation for the current fiscal year, 1934, is $850,000, and the cash withdrawal limitation is $610,466. The estimate for 1935 is identical with the estimated expenditures for 1934. There is no change in the total, or in any of the subitems in the project.

We have four classes of printing: The first is the so-called "administrative job work", such as printed administrative forms, letterheads, and so forth, for all bureaus and offices. We have reduced the expenditure for this type of printing from $274,076 in 1932 to $192,000 for this year and for 1935.

The second class of printing includes administrative reports, periodicals, and publications. For example, the periodical Crops and Markets is printed, and is sent mainly to crop reporters, who, in turn, regularly make statistical reports to the Department; the only pay they receive for their service is the periodical Crops and Markets. We have reduced the expenditure for this class of printing from $298,893 in 1932 to $161,666 in 1934 and 1935.

Mr. SANDLIN. Do you have any reductions in the price of printing? Mr. EISENHOWER. There has been some reduction. The cost of paper has gone down somewhat, and the reduction of salaries was reflected in printing costs. I cannot say, off hand, what the percentage is, but roughly there has been since the peak a reduction of about 10 percent.

The third class of printing includes research and technical publications. These are the publications that make original record of research results. We have reduced the cost of this printing from $169,006 in 1932 to $115,700 this year, and for the coming year. Finally, in the case of the popular publications, we have reduced that expenditure from $245,025 in 1932 to $141,100 for 1935.

PURCHASE OF REPRINTS OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ARTICLES

There are two changes in the language of this appropriation. The first one is the insertion of a clause which will make it possible for the Department to buy separates from outside publications. One of the things that has happened as a result of our retrenched printing program is that scientists of the Department have had to turn more and more to outside journals for publication of the results of their work; this is a make-shift method of placing results on record so that scientists in other parts of the world and scientists in other institutions of this country may quickly have the reports of valuable work. Only by quickly disseminating such information can you prevent a duplication of research work itself. Certainly, when we get new facts, people engaged in research should be the first to know about them.

Here, for example, is an article from the Chemical Review on the Determination of the Structure of Rotenone. That is one of the outstanding research accomplishments in recent years. Rotenone may be the ideal insecticide. We have been unable, due to the shortage of funds, to print the results of this basic research. They have been published by the Chemical Review, the article having been written by our own scientists. What we wish to do is to have authority to purchase sufficient reprints of that article for our use, and a small number for distribution to others. In most cases 200 or 300 copies would be sufficient. We would have to pay only for running copies off the press and for binding; there would be no charge for composition. The cost of the separates would run about $7 per 1,000.

Here are other separates on the "Improved Method for the Production of Sweetpotato Starch", "Ascaris Larvae as a Cause of Liver

and Lung Lesions in Swine", "Inbreeding and Intercrossing Poultry" "Forms of Nitrogen Assimilated by Plants", "How to Get Better Quality in Frozen Peaches", and so on. These have all been prepared by Department scientists and are given to outside journals for publication because we do not have funds to print them. We do not even have copies to use in answering correspondence about these basic facts. It is fortunate that we can find this channel for publication. It is not, however, a desirable substitute for Government printing, because it means that taxpayers pay for valuable research results to which they are entitled, but we must, in many cases, depend upon outside judgment as to whether these results will be printed.

Mr. SANDLIN. You do not ask for additional money for that purpose?

Mr. EISENHOWER. No, sir; that is all we wish to do-to obtain the authority.

Mr. SANDLIN. What is your estimate of the cost?

Mr. EISENHOWER. I have no way of telling exactly what the annual cost would be, but my rough guess is about $5,000 a year. However, it will come out of this appropriation at no additional cost to the Government; we will simply reduce other items accordingly. In fact, this authority will save the Government considerable money during this period when we cannot take care of the actual printing needs.

Mr. SANDLIN. You are asking the same appropriation?

Mr. EISENHOWER. Yes, sir; we ask only for the insertion of language that will permit us to do that.

PRINTING PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWELFTH INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS

Mr. SANDLIN. What is the other change for?

Mr. EISENHOWER. In the next change we provide for printing the proceedings of the Twelfth International Veterinary Congress to be held in the United States during the fiscal year 1935, at a cost not to exceed $11,000. This is an item in which Dr. Mohler, chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, is particularly interested. There will be representatives from 61 nations at the Congress. Dr. Mohler tells me that they will be the outstanding men in research in this particular field from all parts of the world. One of the subjects to be discussed in great detail is that of contagious abortion, which is costing this country $50,000,000 a year in losses. Those proceedings will be of great value to the Department. We are asking authority to publish the proceedings, but are not asking any increase in the appropriation. We will postpone the publication of still more manuscripts in order to be in a position to publish these proceedings. Mr. JUMP. I think Dr. Mohler also would like to make a statement about this matter.

YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Mr. EISENHOWER. Members of Congress are, of course, interested in the Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. The annual report of the Public Printer shows that we have reduced the cost of this publication for the Department and for Congress from $225,191 in 1933 to $112,643 last year, or a reduction of 50 percent.