The Emergence of NormsEdna Ullmann-Margalit provides an original account of the emergence of norms. Her main thesis is that certain types of norms are possible solutions to problems posed by certain types of social interaction situations. The problems are such that they inhere in the structure (in the game-theoretical sense of structure) of the situations concerned. Three types of paradigmatic situations are dealt with. They are referred to as Prisoners' Dilemma-type situations; co-ordination situations; and inequality (or partiality) situations. Each of them, it is claimed, poses a basic difficulty, to some or all of the individuals involved in them. Three types of norms, respectively, are offered as solutions to these situational problems. It is shown how, and in what sense, the adoption of these norms of social behaviour can indeed resolve the specified problems. |
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Page 33
... taken to be the following : To stay with one's weapon ( when the other stays too ) and repel the attack : 1 To stay ... taken prisoner by the enemy , and be liable to execution if eventually handed over to one's own forces : -1.5 ( This ...
... taken to be the following : To stay with one's weapon ( when the other stays too ) and repel the attack : 1 To stay ... taken prisoner by the enemy , and be liable to execution if eventually handed over to one's own forces : -1.5 ( This ...
Page 75
... taken as primitive , since it presupposes norms : norms which would determine what makes a contract valid , what are the constraints on possible contents of the contract ( e.g. Spencer : one cannot enter into a contract of a kind that ...
... taken as primitive , since it presupposes norms : norms which would determine what makes a contract valid , what are the constraints on possible contents of the contract ( e.g. Spencer : one cannot enter into a contract of a kind that ...
Page 109
... taken by ( most of ) the others— or at least what action is likely to be expected by everyone to be taken by ( most of ) the others . Such an indication will help everyone pin down one - he hopes the same one - of the links in the chain ...
... taken by ( most of ) the others— or at least what action is likely to be expected by everyone to be taken by ( most of ) the others . Such an indication will help everyone pin down one - he hopes the same one - of the links in the chain ...
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absolute position achieved affairs agents alternative argument autarkic behaviour cell cerned choice of action choose co-operation co-operative goal co-ordination equilibrium co-ordination norms coercion Column-Chooser Column-Chooser's concept concerned condition confess conflict conformity considered contexts covenant Dahrendorf desert deviance deviate dilemma discussion disfavourably placed party dominant envy example existence expectations explained explicit agreement fact favoured party function game theory game-theoretical equilibrium Gauthier hence Hobbes Hobbes's Hobbesian individual interaction situation interests involved means Methodological Individualism moral mortarmen mutual non-A norms of partiality oligopolists one's ordination outcome participants pay-off PD norms PD problem PD-structured situations possible preference present Prisoners question quo of inequality Ralf Dahrendorf rational reconstruction reason recurrent co-ordination problem regard relative position represented Row-Chooser sanctions Schelling sense social choice social norms society solution solving stability stag-hunt status quo strategic move structure supposed threat tion types of norms unilateral violation W. G. Runciman zero-sum