The Emergence of NormsEdna Ullmann-Margalit provides an original account of the emergence of norms. Her main thesis is that certain types of norms are possible solutions to problems posed by certain types of social interaction situations. The problems are such that they inhere in the structure (in the game-theoretical sense of structure) of the situations concerned. Three types of paradigmatic situations are dealt with. They are referred to as Prisoners' Dilemma-type situations; co-ordination situations; and inequality (or partiality) situations. Each of them, it is claimed, poses a basic difficulty, to some or all of the individuals involved in them. Three types of norms, respectively, are offered as solutions to these situational problems. It is shown how, and in what sense, the adoption of these norms of social behaviour can indeed resolve the specified problems. |
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Page 19
... stands to lose were he alone to deviate from it ( as the pay - off for uni- lateral non - confession is -2 , which is worse than —1 ) . This implies that this state of affairs is stable . ( It is , moreover , stable in the strong sense ...
... stands to lose were he alone to deviate from it ( as the pay - off for uni- lateral non - confession is -2 , which is worse than —1 ) . This implies that this state of affairs is stable . ( It is , moreover , stable in the strong sense ...
Page 102
... stands to lose were he to deviate alone ( i.e. were he not to conform to the norm ) . Further still , since this state is a proper co - ordination equilibrium , every one stands to lose were any one else to act differently ( i.e. not to ...
... stands to lose were he to deviate alone ( i.e. were he not to conform to the norm ) . Further still , since this state is a proper co - ordination equilibrium , every one stands to lose were any one else to act differently ( i.e. not to ...
Page 178
... stands in opposition to conflict . And so the norms which serve to per- petuate a state of affairs in which one party has the advantage of the other , dominates , or possibly even exploits the other , can more truly be said to work ...
... stands in opposition to conflict . And so the norms which serve to per- petuate a state of affairs in which one party has the advantage of the other , dominates , or possibly even exploits the other , can more truly be said to work ...
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Common terms and phrases
absolute position achieved affairs agents alternative argument autarkic behaviour cell cerned choice of action choose co-operation co-operative goal co-ordination equilibrium co-ordination norms coercion Column-Chooser Column-Chooser's concept concerned condition confess conflict conformity considered contexts covenant Dahrendorf desert deviance deviate dilemma discussion disfavourably placed party dominant envy example existence expectations explained explicit agreement fact favoured party function game theory game-theoretical equilibrium Gauthier hence Hobbes Hobbes's Hobbesian individual interaction situation interests involved means Methodological Individualism moral mortarmen mutual non-A norms of partiality oligopolists one's ordination outcome participants pay-off PD norms PD problem PD-structured situations possible preference present Prisoners question quo of inequality Ralf Dahrendorf rational reconstruction reason recurrent co-ordination problem regard relative position represented Row-Chooser sanctions Schelling sense social choice social norms society solution solving stability stag-hunt status quo strategic move structure supposed threat tion types of norms unilateral violation W. G. Runciman zero-sum