The Emergence of NormsEdna Ullmann-Margalit provides an original account of the emergence of norms. Her main thesis is that certain types of norms are possible solutions to problems posed by certain types of social interaction situations. The problems are such that they inhere in the structure (in the game-theoretical sense of structure) of the situations concerned. Three types of paradigmatic situations are dealt with. They are referred to as Prisoners' Dilemma-type situations; co-ordination situations; and inequality (or partiality) situations. Each of them, it is claimed, poses a basic difficulty, to some or all of the individuals involved in them. Three types of norms, respectively, are offered as solutions to these situational problems. It is shown how, and in what sense, the adoption of these norms of social behaviour can indeed resolve the specified problems. |
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Page 45
... preserve a desired degree of competition in its market . This , essentially , is what anti - trust laws ( such as the cele- brated Sherman's Anti - Trust Act of 1890 in the U.S.A. ) are all about . They are at least on the surface ...
... preserve a desired degree of competition in its market . This , essentially , is what anti - trust laws ( such as the cele- brated Sherman's Anti - Trust Act of 1890 in the U.S.A. ) are all about . They are at least on the surface ...
Page 73
... preservation ! There is only one possible answer : that this cannot happen unless the covenant is already strongly protected by severe sanctions which will with certainty be imposed on those who violate it ; namely , when a sovereign ...
... preservation ! There is only one possible answer : that this cannot happen unless the covenant is already strongly protected by severe sanctions which will with certainty be imposed on those who violate it ; namely , when a sovereign ...
Page 168
... preservation of such a status quo leads reasonably to the assumption that he will seek to fortify it against its ... preserve the status quo might well be too crude , costly , and inconvenient ; it might backfire in that it might ...
... preservation of such a status quo leads reasonably to the assumption that he will seek to fortify it against its ... preserve the status quo might well be too crude , costly , and inconvenient ; it might backfire in that it might ...
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Common terms and phrases
absolute position achieved affairs agents alternative argument autarkic behaviour cell cerned choice of action choose co-operation co-operative goal co-ordination equilibrium co-ordination norms coercion Column-Chooser Column-Chooser's concept concerned condition confess conflict conformity considered contexts covenant Dahrendorf desert deviance deviate dilemma discussion disfavourably placed party dominant envy example existence expectations explained explicit agreement fact favoured party function game theory game-theoretical equilibrium Gauthier hence Hobbes Hobbes's Hobbesian individual interaction situation interests involved means Methodological Individualism moral mortarmen mutual non-A norms of partiality oligopolists one's ordination outcome participants pay-off PD norms PD problem PD-structured situations possible preference present Prisoners question quo of inequality Ralf Dahrendorf rational reconstruction reason recurrent co-ordination problem regard relative position represented Row-Chooser sanctions Schelling sense social choice social norms society solution solving stability stag-hunt status quo strategic move structure supposed threat tion types of norms unilateral violation W. G. Runciman zero-sum