profiting by the conversation of various learned men. The Greek appears to have been his favourite study, and his fame was established by his able translations from that lan◄ guage. In September 1545, he was employed, with two other persons of consequence at Verona, to furnish provisions for that city, at a time when a scarcity was appre hended; but not long after we find him at the council of Trent, where he delivered an harangue that was published at the end of his "Apostolicæ Institutiones." In 1554, he was one of the ambassadors deputed by the city of Verona to compliment the doge of Venice on his accession; and on this occasion he was created a knight of that republic. On his return home, he was appointed president of the jurisdiction of silk-manufacturers, a corporation which was then established. He enjoyed the favour and esteem of many Italian princes, but of none more than of Guy Ubaldi, duke of Urbano, whom he accompanied to Rome, and was made commander of the ecclesiastical troops by pope Ju lius III. Here he had begun a translation of Ocellus Lucanus, when he was seized with a disorder which interrupted his studies and his attendance at court; but he was enabled to complete his translation in 1558, and it was printed the year following, in which year he died.

He published, 1. "Joannis Damasceni libellus de his, qui in fide dormierunt, ex Gr. in Lat. versus," Verona, 1532, 4to. 2. "Apostolicæ Institutiones in parvum libellum collectæ." Venice, 1549, 4to. 3. "De Nili incremento dialogus," ibid. 1552, 4to. This edition became so scarce that when Frederic Nogarola wished to publish a second, he could not find a single copy, and was therefore obliged to print from the author's original manuscript. This second edition was printed at Milan, in 1626, 4to, under the title "Timotheus, sive de Nilo." Timotheus is one of the four interlocutors in the dialogue. 4." Platonice Plutarchi questiones;" translated into Latin, with notes, Venice, 1552, 4to. 5. " Ocelli Lucani de universa natura libellus, L. N. interprete." Venice, 1559, 4to, reprinted in octavo, at Heidelberg, 1598, and at Cambridge in 1671. Nogarola, however, was not the first who translated this author. There is a translation by Chretien, of 1541, and one by Bosch, of 1554. 6. "Epistola ad Adamum Fumenum canonicum Veronensem super viris illustribus genere Italis, qui Græce scripserunt." This appeared first with his translation of Lucanus, and was reprinted in Gale's

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"Opuscula," 1671, and afterwards by Fabricius in his Supplementa❞ to Vossius. 7." Scholia ad Themistii Paraphrasim in Aristotelis Librum tertium de anima,” Venice, 1570, fol. with a translation. 8. "Disputatio super reginæ Britannorum divortio," 4to, Henry VIII's queen.— Freher also mentions a work entitled "Oratio pro Vicentinis ad Maximilianum.'

NOIR (JOHN LE), canon and theologal of Seez, the son of John le Noir, counsellor to the presidial of Alençon, was a celebrated preacher at Paris, and in the provinces, about the middle of the seventeenth century; but, having had a quarrel afterwards with M. de Mendavi, his bishop, in consequence of the boldness with which he censured not only the doctrine, but the conduct of his superiors, he was banished in 1663, confined in the Bastille in 1683, and condemned April 24, 1684, to make amende honorable before the metropolitan church at Paris, and to the gallies for life. This punishment, however, being changed to perpetual imprisonment, M. le Noir was afterwards carried to St. Mało, then to the prisons of Brest, and, lastly, to those of Nantes, where he died April 22, 1692, leaving several works, which are curious, but full of intemperate abuse. The principal are, A collection of his Requests and Factums, folio; a translation of "L'Echelle du Cloftre;" "Les Avantages incontestable de l'Eglise sur les Calvinistes," 8vo; "L'Hérésie de la Domination Episcopale qu'on établit en France," 12mo; "Les nouvelles Lumieres politiques pour le Gouvernement de l'Eglise, ou l'Evangile nouveau du cardinal Palavicini dans son Histoire du Concile de Trente," Holl. 1676, 12mo. This work occasioned the French translation of cardinal Palavicini's history to be suppressed.

NOLDIUS (CHRISTIAN), an eminent Danish divine, was born June 22, 1626, at Hoybia, in Scania; and, after acquiring some grammatical and classical knowledge at Lunden, was removed to the university of Copenhagen in 1644, and continued there till 1650; when he was made rector of the college at Landscroon. He took the degree of master of arts the following year; and, in 1654, for farther improvement, made the tour of Germany, visited several universities there, and became acquainted with the most learned persons of that time. From Germany he con

1 Niceron, vols. XII. and XX.-Moreri.

2 Dict. Hist.-Moreri

tinued his route to Holland, England, and France, and returned to Denmark in 1657. Hence, after a residence of only three months, he went to pursue his studies at Leyden and Franeker. In 1660, the lord of Gerstorff, master of the palace of Denmark, appointed him tutor to his children; and, in 1644, he obtained the chair of professor of divinity at Copenhagen, probably by the interest of this nobleman. Noldius, entering into holy orders, was made minister, and obtained the professor's chair of divinity at Copenhagen, in which city he died, Aug. 22, 1683. He wrote several books, as "Concordantiæ particularum Hebræo-Chaldaicarum Veteris Testamenti," an excellent work, the best edition of which is that of Jena, 1734, 4to. "Historia Idumæa, seu de Vita et gestis Herodum Diatri bæ." "Sacrarum Historiarum et Antiquitatum Synopsis." Leges distinguendi seu de Virtute et Vitio distinctiones." "Logica," &c.'

NOLLET (JOHN ANTHONY), a French abbé, and member of most of the literary societies of Europe, was born at Pimpré, in the district of Noyon, Nov. 19, 1700. Notwithstanding the obscurity in which his finances obliged him to live, he soon acquired fame as an experimental philosopher. M. Dufay associated him in his electrical researches; and M. de Reaumur assigned to him his laboratory; and these gentlemen may be considered as his preceptors. M. Dufay took him along with him in a journey he made into England; and Nollet profited so well of this opportunity, as to institute a friendly and literary correspondence with some of the most celebrated men in this country. The king of Sardinia gave him an invitation to Turin, to perform a course of experimental philosophy to the duke of Savoy. From thence he travelled into Italy, where he collected some good observations concerning the natural history of the country. In France he was master of philosophy and natural history to the royal family; and professor royal of experimental philosophy to the college of Navarre, and to the schools of artillery and engineers. The academy of sciences appointed him adjunct-mechanician in 1739, associate in 1742, and pensioner in 1757. Nollet died the 24th of April, 1770, regretted by all his friends, but especially by his relations, whom he always succoured with an affee

tionate attention; but his fame, as an electrician, in which character he was best known, did not survive him long. His works are, 1. "Recueils de Lettres sur l'Electricité ;" 1753, 3 vols. 12mo. 2. "Essai sur l'Electricité des corps;" 1 vol. 12mo. 3. Recherches sur les causes particulieres des Phenomenes Electriques," 1 vol. 12mo. 4. "L'Art des Experiences," 1770, 3 yols. 12mo. In these are contained his theory on electricity, which he maintained with the most persevering obstinacy against all the arguments of his antagonists, who were perhaps all the eminent electrical philosophers of Europe. It is no easy matter to form a very adequate notion of this theory, which has been long since abandoned by every person. When an electric is excited, electricity flows to it from all quarters, and when thus effluent (as he termed it), it drives light bodies before it. Hence the reason why excited bodies attract. When the electricity is effluent, the light bodies are of course driven from the electric, which in that state appears to repel. He conceived every electric to be possessed of two different kinds of pores, one for the emission of the electric matter, and the other for its reception. Besides his papers in the "Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences" from 1740 to 1767, we have in our "Philosophical Transactions," the result of a great number of experiments, made by the abbé Nollet, on the effect produced by electricity on the flowing of water through capillary tubes; on the evaporation of liquids; the transpiration of vegetables; and the respiration of animals. These last experiments have been often repeated since, but the results drawn by the abbe are not considered as established.'

NOLLIKINS (JOSEPH FRANCIS), an artist of Antwerp, came and settled in England when young, and studied under Tillemans, and afterwards copied Watteau, and Panini; conversations, landscapes, and children's amusements, were his chief works. Lord Cobham, at Stowe, and the earl of Tilney, employed him at their mansions. He died Jan. 21, 1748, leaving a son, who has long enjoyed the well-earned reputation of an admirable statuary.'

NONIUS (MARCELLUS), was a grammarian and peripatetic philosopher of Tivoli, by whom we have a treatise De Proprietate Sermonis, sive de varia significatione

1 Le Necrologe des Hommes Celebres for 1772 -Dict. Hist.-Thomson's Hist, of the Royal Society.-Priestley's Hist, of Electricity.

2 Walpole's Anecdotes.

verborum." He is supposed to have flourished in the fourth century. His work is valuable only because he introduces several fragments of ancient writers' not to be found elsewhere. The best edition is that by Mercer, printed at Paris, 1614, Svo, with notes. The first editions, of 1471, and 1476, and 1480, are of great rarity, but all in the Spencer collection.'

NONIUS, or NONNIUS (LEWIS), a learned physician at Antwerp, who flourished in the seventeenth century, was the author of a curious treatise, entitled "Dieteticon, sive de Re cibaria;" containing several remarks illustrative of those passages in the Latin Roman poets, particularly Horace, Juvenal, and Persius, which relate to the luxury of the old Roman tables. It was published in 4to in 1646, at Antwerp. He renewed the opinion of the ancient physicians, who have written "De salubri Piscium alimento," or the wholesomeness of a fish diet; and endeavoured to shew, that, according to them, fish is especially a proper aliment for sedentary persons, for the aged, sick, and such as are of a weak constitution, as it generates blood of a moderate consistence, which suits their habit. In this work Nonius complains of the Arabians, who, in translating the Greek physicians, have omitted all passages relating to fish; because the Arabs eat little of this kind of aliment, which in that hot and dry country is rarely to be met with. Nonius also printed a very large commentary in 1620, upon the Greek medals, and those of Julius Cæsar, Augustus, and Tiberius, which had been engraved about fifty-five years before by Goltzius, and published in folio at that time by James de Bye, another. celebrated engraver. Besides these, he wrote "Hispania; seu de Oppidis Fluminibusque Hispaniæ," 1607, 8vo; "Icthyophagia, seu de Usu Piscium," and "Epicædium Justo Lipsio," &c.'

NONIUS, or NUNEZ (PETER), a very eminent Portuguese mathematician and physician, was born in 1497, at Alcazar in Portugal, anciently a remarkable city, known by the name of Salacia, from whence he was surnamed Salaciensis. He was professor of mathematics in the university of Coimbra, where he published some pieces which procured him great reputation. He was mathematical

1 Vossius de Philologia.-Fabric. Bibl. Lat.-Saxii Onomast.-Dibdin's Bibl. Spenceriana.

2 Foppen.-Bibl. Belg.-Moreri.-Saxii Onomast.