International Monetary Relations: Theory, History, and Policy

abroad actual adjustment American amount Annual authorities balance balance of payments balance-of-payments Bank billion borrowing British Canadian capital cause commodity considered continued controls cost countries country's currency deficit demand deposits depreciation devaluation developments direct dollar domestic economic effect elasticities equilibrium European example exchange rates exports external fact fall fixed fluctuating foreign exchange forward France Fund further German gold gold standard hold imports income increase inflation Inland interest investment Italy keep later less limit loans London means ment monetary months movements necessary official operations Outland parity payments pegged percent period position possible production profit purchases reason relation relative Report reserves restrictions rise sell speculation spending stability sterling supply surplus tend tion trade transactions transfer United York