ordinary attainments for his years, but hasty and not always solid in his judgements. The university has recently made a great acquisition in obtaining Jacob Grimm, formerly at Cassel, the author of the German Grammar, as professor and librarian.

Göttingen is rather on the decline as to the number of students. The improvements in the Prussian universities, and the foundation particularly of those of Berlin and Bonn, draw away many who would otherwise have come to Georgia Augusta. In the summer of 1825 there were 1545 students; in that of 1826 there were 1452; of whom there were pursuing theology 309, law 700, medicine 258, philology and other branches 185. In the winter of 1829-30 there were less than 1300. The average expense is usually estimated at 300 rix dollars.

The library of Göttingen is one of the largest, and for practical uses the best, on the continent. It is indebted for its present arrangement and high value principally to Heyne, who went upon the principle of purchasing useful books, rather than splendid ones; so that with any given sum of money, he very probably purchased twice as many books as an Englishman would have done, and those of equal value in themselves to the student. The number of books is often said to be near 300,000; but from minutes made on the spot in 1826, it appears to be 230,000. The arrangement of the manuscript alphabetical catalogue is such, that it occupies 150 folio volumes. For the increase of the library the government appropriates 3000 rix dollars ($2100) annually; though in particular cases they are permitted to exceed that sum. The library is open every day for reading and consultation; and the students are allowed to take out books on the usual terms. The interior of the library in Göttingen, particularly the hall of history, is one of the most interesting spots for a scholar, that the old world presents. Other libraries have a more splendid location; but there is here so much neatness and simplicity, such perfect order and utility of arrangement, such an adaptation of the means of learning to facilitate the acquisition of it, that the mind of the beholder receives a deep impression, and loves to recur in idea to these ancient and venerable halls, long after the traces left by literary pomp or princely grandeur have faded from the memory.

The religious character and influence of the university of Göttingen, may be summed up in few words. Orthodoxy is acknowledged here, but not evangelical piety, with a very few exceptions. In 1827, one of the privatim docentes who had

been in England, attempted to institute private religious meetings or conferences, but was put down by the university, backed by the government. He was obliged to abandon his place, and is now a missionary in the Ionian islands. It is not, however, to be denied, that he proceeded incautiously, and thereby awakened an opposition, which, perhaps, would otherwise have slumbered. Still, the practical influence of the university is against evangelical piety, and goes thus far directly to favour the spread of rationalism.

VIII. GREIFSWALDE is the smallest of the Prussian universities, situated near the shore of the Baltic, in a region where there is little to attract students from other quarters. It was founded in 1456, and is the only one in Prussia, which is in some small degree independent of the government in its administration. There is a very fine building for the library, collections, and lecture rooms. The library contains about 50,000 volumes. The most known professors of theology are Kosegarten, a pupil of De Sacy and one of the first, if not the first, of the oriental scholars of Germany; Pelt formerly of Berlin; and Böhmer, author of an "Isagoge in Ep. ad Coloss." These are all young men. The number of students in 1827 was 160.

IX. HALLE has claims of peculiar interest in the history of theology, from the circumstance that it was founded in part, at least, through the influence of the pious Spener in 1694. The first occasion of its foundation was the secession of the jurist Thomasius from Leipsic, with a great number of his pupils, to whom he continued to deliver lectures at Halle. Spener's influence occasioned the appointment of Breithaupt, Anton, and that man of God, Francke, as the first theological professors. Halle therefore became the seat of all Francke's exertions, and of that school of piety and deep religious feeling, which forms an era in the history of the German churches. Nor was there any want of learning, strictly so called. Francke, with all his active duties, was a distinguished biblical scholar for his day; while the name of Thomasius ranks high in the history of German jurisprudence; and the two brothers I. H. and C. B. Michaelis, as also Cellarius, were certainly not inferior men. tone of piety, however, begun to give way with Baumgarten; and at length the foundations of faith in a divine revelation were undermined by Semler. Nösselt and some others still regarded themselves as orthodox; and within these few years (1825) their contemporary, the venerable Knapp, has closed a long life

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of unobtrusive, but consistent piety. He stood however alone; while rationalism, through the exertions of Wegscheider, the countenance of Gesenius, and the indifference of Niemeyer, had obtained firm footing, and seduced the understandings of the great body of the students.

The translation of Professor Tholuck from Berlin to Halle, as the successor of Knapp, gave the first occasion for open hostilities. The theological faculty, or at least, the principal members of it, protested against his coming, as being notoriously of different views and feelings from themselves, and as having already pronounced sentence against them before a public assembly in London. He came nevertheless; and the amiableness of his manners, combined with his uncommon and unquestioned talents and learning, served in no long time to wear away the violent prejudices which had existed against him. The year from the spring of 1828 to that of 1829, he spent in Rome; and then returned to his duties with increased vigour and influence. The difficulties which occurred in Halle the last winter, although neither occasioned nor promoted by himself, turned again for a time the popular current against him; but the excitement has, probably, ere this time subsided, and we may securely trust that God will here, as every where, overrule all apparent evil for good. In person, Professor Tholuck is slender and feeble; his conversation is uncommonly engaging and full of thought; and although not yet 32 years old, he possesses a greater personal influence and reputation than any other theologian of Germany. To an American Christian, who travels on this part of the continent, Tholuck is undoubtedly the most interesting person whose acquaintance he will make.

Gesenius is already so well known in this country, that a short notice of him may suffice here. He is also an instance of great precocity of learning; the first edition of his Hebrew Lexicon having been published before the age of twenty-four, his larger Hebrew Grammar at twenty-seven, and his Commentary on Isaiah, which placed him in the first rank of biblical critics, before thirty-two. His manners have more of the gentleman and man of the world, than is usual with German professors; and a stranger who should meet him in society, would never suspect that he was a laborious and eminently distinguished philologist; much less the first Hebrew scholar of the age. He has now been several years employed upon his Thesaurus of the Hebrew language, and has in the meantime published

three editions of his Manual Hebrew Lexicon, the first of which was translated several years since by Mr Gibbs. He is now occupied with an edition of the manual lexicon in Latin, which is to be completed in the coming spring; and is at the same time making preparations for the more rapid completion of the Thesaurus, the first part of which is already published. Thilo the son in law of Knapp, is highly esteemed as a lecturer on ecclesiastical history and exegesis of the New Testament. Wegscheider is sufficiently known, as the standard bearer of rationalism in its lowest forms. Ullmann, formerly at Heidelberg, has a good reputation in ecclesiastical history, and is one of the editors of the "Theologische Studien." Rödiger, a private teacher, is a fine oriental scholar, and superintends the publication of Freytag's Arabic lexicon. He has also recently published an edition of Lockman's fables with a corrected Arabic text and glossary, for the use of beginners in that difficult language.

In the faculty of law, the names of Mühlenbruch and Blume are advantageously known; and as a comparative anatomist, Meckel takes rank of all others in Germany. His collection, founded by his father and augmented by himself, is the best private collection in that country, if not in the world. In the philosophical faculty the aged Schütz, Gruber, Leo, Bernhardy, and others, have a high reputation.

The number of students has been increasing for several years. In 1829, there were 1330; among whom were 944 students of theology, 239 of law, 58 of medicine, and 89 in the philosophical faculty. The average cost of residence here is from 200 to 250 rix dollars per annum. The library con

tains over 40,000 volumes, and occupies a building by itself. The king has also granted 40,000 rix dollars ($28,000) for the erection of an edifice for the university; but the foundations of it are not yet laid.

The theological seminary in this university has five classes, viz. in the Old Testament with Gesenius; in the New with Wegscheider; in systematic theology with Tholuck or Weber; in ecclesiastical history with Thilo; and in Homiletik with Marks. The philological seminary, formerly under Reisig, is now directed by Schütz and Meier.*

Halle is also the seat of Francke's celebrated orphanhouse. This stands in no connexion whatever with the university; except

X. Heidelberg is the protestant university of Baden (comp. Freiburg), and is the oldest university of protestant Germany,

that the directors of the former are, and always have been, professors in the latter. Francke commenced his exertions in behalf of orphans in 1694 with two children, to whom a third was added, before he had a thought of any larger establishment. From this small beginning it grew up in a few years to an immense institution, or cluster of institutions, not only for orphans, but for the education of all classes of children and youth. The establishment now consists of the following schools. 1. The orphanhouse, in which nearly 5000 children of both sexes have been educated. Boys of bright parts are prepared for the university; the others mostly learn trades. The number formerly admitted at once was 200; but the diminished revenues do not suffice at present to maintain more than 100. 2. The royal paedagogium, in which boys of the middle and higher classes are received as in a family, and regularly educated. 3. The Latin school, intended by Francke as a classical school for the children of the poor. It receives boarders, and also city scholars. In 1809 the two city gymnasia were united with it; so that at present the schools of the orphanhouse are the only classical schools in Halle. 4. The German school, originally established for the children of the poor; but now consisting of four divisions, two of which are for boys and girls who pay for their tuition; while the other two are free schools for the poorest class.-All these schools serve also as a sort of seminary for teachers; indeed, the greater part of the instructors are students of the university, who spend an hour or two every day in giving lessons at the orphanhouse.-As an appendage to the orphanhouse may also be regarded the Canstein Bible Institute, founded in 1712 by the Baron von Canstein, an intimate friend of Francke's. The object of it was and is, by means of standing types, to furnish Bibles in different forms at the very lowest rates. More than two millions of Bibles, and one million of Testaments, have thus been put in circulation.

The revenues of the orphanhouse establishment come from the following sources. 1. Various large farms and other real estate. 2. Several secret medicines, bequeathed by the inventor, which had formerly an immense sale of more than $20,000 annually; but are now unimportant. 3. An extensive apothecary's shop. 4. The book and printing establishment, commenced by a young man who printed a sermon of Francke's, and afterwards sustained and advanced by the sagacity of the latter, until it has become one of the most important in Germany. 5. The money paid for tuition and board. 6. The royal bounty. The present king of Prussia