Prologue 75 Unsigned, unaddressed memorandum, Aug. 28, 1943, p. 2, "Dulles Files: Cables and Letters," folder 19, box 1, Entry 190C, RG 226, NACP [The date in the memorandum was August 13, but undoubtedly this was a mistake by the writer. It almost looks like the 1 and 4 pages of material was by Gerald Mayer and the remaining 1 and 3 by Allen W. Dulles]. Philip Knightley, The Master Spy: The Story of Kim Philby (1990), p. 121; James Srodes, Allen Dulles: Master of Spies (1999), pp. 279-280. Unsigned, unaddressed memorandum, Aug. 28, 1943, p. 2, “Dulles Files: Cables and Letters" folder 19, box 1, Entry 190C, RG 226, NACP. Knightley, The Master Spy, p. 106; Garlinski, The Swiss Corridor, p. 122; Von Klemperer, German Resistance Against Hitler, pp. 315-316. Report "Wood Case,” Oct. 19, 1943, p. 2, folder 4, box 445, Entry 210, RG 226, NACP; unsigned, unaddressed memorandum, Aug. 28, 1943, p. 1, “Dulles Files: Cables and Letters," folder 19, box 1, Entry 190C, RG 226, NACP. NO Report, "Notes on the War," Walter H. Sholes,American consul general, Basel to American minister, Bern, Mar. 10, 1943, File 800Germany, Confidential File, 1940-1949, 1943, Bern Legation, RG 84, NACP. * Unsigned, unaddressed memorandum, Aug. 28, 1943, p. 1, “Dulles Files: Cables and Letters,” folder 19, box 1, Entry 190C, RG 226, NACP. 82 Ibid., p. 2. 83 Garlinski, The Swiss Corridor, p. 122. Si Dulles, The Secret Surrender, p. 12. 86 Smith, OSS, pp. 204-205. Ibid., p. 208. 88 Dulles, Germany's Underground, p. 125, and The Secret Surrender, p. 12. 899 Mary Bancroft, Autobiography of a Spy (1963), pp. 129–130. * Smith, OSS, p. 204; Srodes, Allen Dulles, p. 229; Dulles, The Secret Surrender. p. 15; Bancroft, Autobiography of a Spy, p. 140. 91 Srodes, Allen Dulles, pp. 229-231. 92 Quibble, "Alias George Wood,” p. 69; Morgan "The Spy the Nazis Missed," p. 15; Bancroft, Autobiography of a Spy, p. 128; Background Report on Switzerland, by Elinor Goodfriend, Sept. 1, 1944, p. 1, Folder Berne, Records of the Historian, Outpost Records, 1942-1946 (Entry 6J), RG 208, NACP; Morgan “The Spy the Nazis Missed,” p. 15. "Dulles, Germany's Underground, pp. xi, 125-126; memorandum for the President from G. Edward Buxton, acting director, OSS [review of OSS intelligence operations in Switzerland], June 22, 1945, folder 83, box 18, Entry 99, RG 226, NACP; War Report of the OSS, vol. 2, p. 278. William J. Casey, The Secret War Against Hitler (1988), p. 40; Bancroft, Autobiography of a Spy, p. 140; Allen Dulles, The Craft of Intelligence (1963), p. 7; Gisevius, To the Bitter End, pp. 481-482. "Bancroft, Autobiography of a Spy, pp. 134, 140, 151. Unsigned, unaddressed memorandum, Aug. 28, 1943, p. 1, “Dulles Files: Cables and Letters," folder 19, box 1, Entry 190C, RG 226, NACP; Report "Wood Case," Oct. 19, 1943, p. 2, folder 4, box 445, Entry 210, RG 226, NACP; Quibble, “Alias George Wood,” p. 69. "Unsigned, unaddressed memorandum, Aug. 28, 1943, p. 1, “Dulles Files: Cables and Letters," folder 19, box 1, Entry 190C, RG 26, NACP; Persico, Piercing the Reich, p. 65; Morgan, “The Spy the Nazis Missed," pp. 15-16. Unsigned, unaddressed memorandum, Aug. 28, 1943, p. 1, “Dulles Files: Cables and Letters,” folder 19, box 1, Entry 190C, RG 226, NACP; Morgan, "The Spy the Nazis Missed," p. 16; Persico, Piercing the Reich, p. 65. "Morgan "The Spy the Nazis Missed," pp. 16-17; Quibble, “Alias George Wood,” pp. 69-70. 102 Morgan, "The Spy the Nazis Missed," p. 18. 103 Ibid., p. 17; Dulles, Germany's Underground, p. 130; War Report of the OSS, vol. 2, p. 273; Kocherthaler, "The Background of the George Story," p. 2, RG 226, NACP. 104 Unsigned, unaddressed memorandum, Aug. 28, 1943, pp. 2-3, "Dulles Files: Cables and Letters," folder 19, box 1, Entry 190C, RG 226, NACP Unsigned [Dulles], unaddressed, untitled report, pp. 1-2,Aug. 19, 1943, “Dulles Files: Cables and Letters," folder 19, box 1, Entry 190C, RG 226, NACP; Morgan “The Spy the Nazis Missed," p. 19. 108 Morgan, "The Spy the Nazis Missed,” pp. 19-20; Persico, Piercing the Reich, pp. 63-64. 109 Unsigned [Mayer], unaddressed, untitled report, Aug. 19, 1943, pp. 1-2; unsigned [Dulles], unaddressed, untitled report, p. 1,Aug. 19, 1943; unsigned [Dulles] and unaddressed memorandum, Aug. 31, 1943; unsigned [Dulles], unaddressed, untitled report, 8 pp., Aug. 19, 1943, all in “Dulles Files: Cables and Letters," folder 19, box 1, Entry 190C, RG 226, NACP. Report “Wood Case,” Oct. 19, 1943, p. 2, folder 4, box 445, Entry 210, RG 226, NACP; Persico, Piercing The Reich, p. 66. 110 Unsigned [Dulles], unaddressed, untitled report, 8 pp. Aug. 19, 1943, “Dulles Files: Cables and Letters," folder 19, box 1, Entry 190C, RG 226, NACP; Quibble, “Alias George Wood,” p. 71. Report "Wood Case,” Oct. 19, 1943, p. 2, folder 4, box 445, Entry 210, RG 226, NACP. 113 Morgan, "The Spy the Nazis Missed,” p. 21. * Unsigned, unaddressed memorandum, Aug. 28, 1943, p. 1; and unsigned [Mayer], unaddressed, untitled, report, dated Aug. 19, 1943, p. 2, both in “Dulles Files: Cables and Letters," folder 19, box 1, Entry 190C, R226, NACP. Morgan, “The Spy the Nazis Missed,” pp. 21-22. 15 Unsigned, unaddressed memorandum, Aug. 28, 1943, p. 1, “Dulles Files: Cables and Letters," folder 19, box 1, Entry 190C, RG 226, NACP. In this memo Mayer indicates that the morning meeting was held on August 20, not August 19, but it was undoubtedly held on the nineteenth. 119 Report "Wood Case,” Oct. 19, 1943, pp. 2, 3, folder 4, box 445, Entry 210, RG 226, NACP; Quibble, “Alias George Wood,” p. 73; Unsigned, unaddressed memorandum,Aug. 28, 1943, p. 2, “Dulles Files: Cables and Letters," folder 19, box 1, Entry 190C, RG 226, NACP. 120 Morgan, "The Spy the Nazis Missed," p. 22; [Kolbe], "The Story of George, p. 3. 121 Dulles cables to Washington 164-166 (Aug. 21, 1943), cables 651,652,653 (Aug. 25, 1943), 644-648 (Aug. 26, 1943), 654-657 (Aug. 26, 1943), 658, 659, 660 (Aug. 26, 1943), "Sources and Methods File," folder 2, box 463, Entry 210, RG 226, NACP. 122 War Report of the OSS, vol. 2, p. 279; Dulles, The Craft of Intelligence, p. 82. 125 Kim Philby, My Silent War (1968), p. 106; memorandum for the President from G. Edward Buxton, acting director, OSS, [Review of OSS intelligence operations in Switzerland], June 22, 1945, folder 83, box 18, Entry 99, RG 226, NACP. Guide to Genealogical Research in the National Archives Third Edition A few of the enthusiastic reviews of the first edition: "Amazingly complete....This book should find a place on every scholar's bookshelf." -Journal of Southern History "This is the sort of volume that induces late-night browsiness....The surprise is how engaging government can be once bureaucracy breaks down into such discrete matters as passenger arrival lists, bounty land records, and... claims maps. What was red tape a century ago becomes... connective tissue today." -Los Angeles Times Eagerly awaited, this new version of a classic is completely revised and updated. The Guide helps you discover the many treasures to be found among the records of the National Archives of the United States. Whether you are looking in the well-known collections of records-census, immigration, and military service- or the lesser known-lighthouse keepers, Cherokee freedmen, or World War II evacuees-the guide will tell you how the records are organized, what information they contain about individuals, and the time spans they cover. Here is an indispensable aid for researching family genealogy, local history, and social trends. Beyond its extraordinary reference value, the Guide will fascinate all curious readers and inspire a deep appreciation of America's rich documentary heritage. Some of the exciting features of this new edition include: ◆ New information on the 1920 census ✦ Greatly increased coverage of naturalizations Citations to more than 300 new microfilm publications ✦ Descriptions of many records accessioned since the last edition ◆ Comprehensive, greatly expanded index Enlarged chapters on African Americans and Native Americans ✦ More coverage of records in NARA's regional archival facilities HARDCOVER #100001 $39 ISBN 1-880875-21-7 SOFTCOVER #200001 $25 ISBN 1-880875-24-1 81⁄2 x 11, 420 pages TO ORDER, CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-234-8861. To order by mail, send a check payable to the National Archives Trust Fund. If paying by credit card, VISA, MasterCard, American Express, and Discover are accepted; provide the account number, expiration date, and cardholder signature. Please add $3 shipping and handling for orders up to $50, and $5 for orders between $50.01 and $100. Specify exact title and item number. Send payment with your name, address, and daytime telephone number to: National Archives Trust Fund, NMCC2, PO. Box 100793, Atlanta, GA 30384-0793. Orders can also be faxed to 301-713-6169. Spoils of War Returned U.S. RESTITUTION OF NAZI-LOOTED CULTURAL TREASURES TO THE USSR 1945-1959 Removing Nazi-confiscated art treasures from the monastery at Buxheim, near Memmingen, Germany (December 1945). American forces transferred the cultural loot found there to the Munich Central Collecting Point for restitution. World By Patricia Kennedy Grimsted orld War II resulted in the greatest loss and displacement of cultural treasures, books, and archives in history. As the German army occupied more and more of the European continent, Nazi cultural vultures swept up millions of items from museums, libraries, archives, and individuals. While Allied bombing reduced many cities to rubble, the Germans fortunately had hidden away much of their cultural loot in remote castles, mines, and monasteries. Many of those treasures that survived never came home from the war. Depending on who found them, some were plundered a second time, and still others were dispersed throughout the world. In the immediate aftermath of the war in Europe, with no agreement over restitution among the Allied victors, each of the four occupying powers in Germany and Austria-the United States, Great Britain, France, and the USSR—handled displaced cultural property in their individual zones as they saw fit. The United States undertook an unprecedented program of cultural restitution in an effort to restore displaced treasures to the countries from which the Nazis had confiscated them.' Simultaneously, Soviet authorities, in the name of “compensatory restitution," emptied museums, castles, and salt mines in Germany and Eastern Europe, transporting millions of cultural treasures (many earlier looted by the Nazis from Western Europe) to the USSR. Despite the Soviet “compensatory" cultural plunder in lieu of restitution, U.S. authorities in Germany returned more than half a million displaced cultural treasures and more than a quarter of a million books to the USSR that had been looted by the Nazi invaders. This effort is documented in the recent CD-ROM publication from the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) on U.S. restitution to the USSR, which presents facsimile inventories and related documents covering nineteen transfers between 1945 and 1959. Even now in Russia, however, many still deny such facts, just as Soviet authorities did in the immediate postwar years. The issues remain unresolved today, as European nations still await the return of their twice-looted cultural property and archives from Russia, while new laws and politicians in Moscow continue to block their return. SOVIET SPOILS OF WAR AND DENIAL OF U.S. RESTITUTION Soviet citizens never saw most of the Western cultural treasures brought Portrait of Russian Emperor Alexander I by George Dawe (early 19th cent.), probably from one of the imperial palaces in suburban Leningrad, with side 1 of its property card. The card is an example of inadequate description-"general, standing (before landscape)." restitution of Nazi-looted cultural treasures to the USSR from occupied Germany and Austria remains a historical "blank spot." Not until the final years of glasnost in 1989-1990 did information gradually surface about the secret depositories for "trophy art" (as known in Russian), the millions of trophy books in an abandoned church outside of Moscow, and the kilometers of state and private archives from countries across Europe that had been held for half a century in the top-secret "Special Archive."3 the almost unanimous passage of a law that potentially nationalizes all cultural treasures brought to Russia at the end of World War II-passed a second time over President Boris Yeltsin's veto. After Yeltsin was forced to sign the law in April 1998, the Constitutional Court upheld the law in a July 1999 ruling, and President Vladimir Putin signed amendments in May 2000.6 The conflicts about the passage of that law have created a virtual new Cold War with Western members of the Council of Europe. The Russian law negates countless international conventions and resolutions adopted by the United Nations, UNESCO, and other bodies, as well as several bilateral agreements, calling for the restitution of plundered cultural treasures to their countries of origin. Since the amended law, Russia has established a new Interagency Council on Restitution with complicated and costly procedures for restitution based on claims from countries other than Germany and its wartime allies and, starting in 2001, a project for describing the displaced cultural treasures in Russia. In the midst of the four-year struggle over passage of the law, Russia was admitted to the Council of Europe in January 1996. In order to secure acceptance, among the commitments Russia was required to make were two specific "intents" for restitution of archives and other cultural treasures belonging to member states. Since that document was signed, Russia's parliamentary bodies have ignored those intents, a disregard that culminated in May 1997 with The extent to which information about the postwar Western Allied restitution programs was suppressed-and even deniedin the Soviet Union was apparent in the press and parliamentary debates concerning pas sage of that law. Duma leaders adamantly assured legislators that Russia should legally be entitled to keep all of its extensive spoils of war-especially those seized from Germany and other Axis powersbecause none of the Soviet cultural treasures looted by the Nazis had been returned from Germany. They claimed, "Now we are asked to return ... what we received from the aggressor. We ourselves, we received nothing that had been taken away." There was often the implication, |