his sons, who died in battle; but the national troubles, which followed upon his death, might have prevented it. David indeed and his men, on hearing the news of their death, mourned and wept for them until even. (2 Sam. i. 12.) And the men of Jabesh-gilead fasted for them seven days (1 Sam. xxxi. 13.), which must not be understood in a strict sense, as if they eat nothing all that time, but that they lived very abstemiously, eat little, and that seldom, using a low and spare diet, and drinking water only.

How long widows mourned for their husbands is no where told us in Scripture. We find it is said of Bathsheba, that when she heard that Uriah her husband was dead, she mourned for him (2 Sam. xi. 26.); but this could neither be long nor very sincere.

The Jews paid a greater or less degree of honour to their kings after their death, according to the merits of their actions when they were alive. Upon the death of their princes, who had distinguished themselves in arms, or who, by any religious actions, or by the promotion of civil arts, had merited well of their country, they used to make lamentations or mournful songs for them: from an expression in 2 Chron. xxxv. 25. Behold, they are written in the Lamentations, we may infer that they had certain collections of this kind of composition. The author of the book of Samuel has preserved those which David composed on occasion of the death of Saul and Jonathan, of Abner and Absalom; but we have no remains of the mournful poem, which Jeremiah made upon the immature death of the pious king Josiah, mentioned in the last-cited chapter: which loss is the more to be deplored, because in all probability it was a masterpiece in its kind, since never was there an author more deeply affected with his subject, or more capable of carrying it through all the tender sentiments of sorrow and compassion, than Jeremiah.1

silently beside it; others cast themselves on the ground, and threw dust over their heads, uttering mournful lamentations, which they continued to repeat at intervals. during the short time that I witnessed their procedure." (Ibid. vol. i. p. 360.) Mr. Jowett witnessed a similar scene at Manfelout, a more remote town of Upper Egypt. Christian Researches, p. 162.

Jahn. Archæologia Biblica, pp. 289-302. Harwood's Introduction, vol. ii. pp. 129-152. Stosch, Compendium Archeologia Economica Novi Testamenti. pp. 121-132. Brunings, Compendium Antiquitatum Græcarum, pp. 388-400. The subject of Hebrew sepulchres is very fully discussed by Nicolai, in his treatise De Sepulchris Hebræorum (Lug. Bat. 1706. 4to.), which is illustrated with several curious plates, some of which however, it must be confessed, are rather fanciful.

No. I.

GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX

OF THE

PRINCIPAL PLACES

Mentioned in the Scriptures, especially in the New Testament.

[Referred to, in page 11. of this Volume.]

**On account of the very great uncertainty attending the ascertaining of the situation of the majority of places, incidentally mentioned in the Old Testament, this index is chiefly restricted to the principal places and countries which occur in the New Testament. It is compiled from the labours of Calmet, Wells, Schleusner, Dr. Whitby, M. Anquetil, Dr. Hales, and other writers who have treated on sacred geography1, and particularly from the Travels in Palestine of Dr. E. D. Clarke, Mr Buckingham, the Rev. James Connor, and of Dr. Robert Richardson, who explored various parts of the East during the years 1816-1818, in company with the Rt. Hon. the Earl of Belmore.

1 The notices of the seven cities of Ephesus, Laodicea, Pergamos, Philadelphia, Sardis, Smyrna, and Thyatira, are derived from Smith's Survey of the Seven 65

VOL. III.

ABANA, a river of Damascus, mentioned by Naaman. (2 Kings v. 12.) Are not Abana and Pharphar, rivers of Damascus, better than all the waters of Israel? Probably this river is a branch of that part of the Barrady, or Chrysorroas; which derives its source from the foot of Mount Libanus, towards the east, runs round Damascus and through it, and continues its course till lost in the wilderness, four or five leagues south from that city.

ABARIM, Mountains of. See p. 47. of this volume.

ABEL, Abel-beth-Maacha or Abel main, a city in the northern part of the canton allotted to the tribe of Naphtali. Hither fled Sheba the son of Bichri, when pursued by the forces of king David; and the inhabitants, in order that they might escape the horrors of a siege, cut of Sheba's head, which they threw over the wall to Joab. (2 Sam. xx. 1418.) About eighty years after, it was taken and ravaged by Benhadad king of Syria. (1 Kings xv. 20.) About two hundred years after this event, it was captured and sacked by Tiglath-pileser,who carried the inhabitants captive into Assyria. (2 Kings xv. 29.) This place was subsequently rebuilt; and according to Josephus, became, under the name of Abila, the capital of the district of Abilene.

Abel-Shittim before the Hebrew army passed the Jordan, under Joshua. (Numb. xxxiii. 49. xxv. 1.) Here the Israelites fell into idolatry, and worshipped Baal-Peor, seduced by Balak; and here God severely punished them by the hands of the Levites. (Numb. xxv. 1, 2. &c.) This city is often called Shittim only. (Antiq. lib. iv. cap. 7. and v. 1., and de Bello, lib. v. cap. 3.) ABILENE. See page 16. supra. AсCHо. See PTOLEMAIS.

ACELDAMA, a place without the south wall of Jerusalem, beyond the river of Siloam. It was called the Potter's Field Matt. xxvii. 7. 10.), because they dug thence the earth of which they made their pots; and the Fuller's Field, because they dried their cloth there; but being afterwards bought by that money by which the high priest and rulers of the Jews purchased the blood of the holy Jesus, it was, by the providence of God so ordering it, called Aceldama, that is, the field of blood. (Aets i. 19. Matt. xxvii. 7, 8.)

ACHAIA, in the largest sense, comprehends Greece properly so called. It is bounded on the west by Epirus, on the east by the Ægean Sea, on the north by Macedonia, on the south by Peloponnesus. This seems to be the region intended when Saint Paul, according to the Roman acceptation mentions all the ABEL-MEHOLAH was the native coun-region of Achaia, and directs his second try of Elisha, (1 Kings xix. 16.) It could Epistle to all the saints in Achaia.(2 Cor. not be far from Scythopolis. (iv. 12.) xi. 10.) Thus, what is Achaia, in Aets Eusebius places it in the great plain, xix. 21. is Hellas, that is, Greece. (Acts sixteen miles from Scythopolis, south. xx. 2.) Achaia, strictly so called, is Not far from hence, Gideon obtained the northern region of Peloponnesus, a victory over the Midianites. (Judg. bounded on the north by the Gulph of vii. 22.) Corinth, on the south by Arcadia, on the east by Sicyonia, and, on the west by the Ionian Sea. Of this region CORINTH was the capital.

ABEL-MIZRAIM (the mourning of the Egyptians), was formerly called the floor of Atad. (Gen. 1. 11.) Jerome, and some others after him, believe this to be the place afterwards called Bethagla, at some distance from Jericho and Jordan west.

ACHMETHA. See ECBATANA.

ACHOR, a valley in the territory of Jericho, and in the canton of the tribe of Benjamin, where Achan was stoned. (Josh. vii. 24.)

ACKSHAPH, a city belonging to the tribe of Asher. The king of Ackshaph was conquered by Joshua. (xii. 2.) Some writers are of opinion, that Ackshaph is the same as Ecdippa, on the Mediterranean, between Tyre and Pto

ABEL-SHITTIM was a town in the plains of Moab, beyond Jordan, opposite Jericho. According to Josephius, Abel-Shittim, or Abela, as he calls it, was sixty furlongs from Jordan. Eusebius says, it was in the neighbourhood of Mount Peor. Moses encamped at Churches of Asia, pp. 205-276. Bishop Newton's Dissertations on the Prophecies,. vol. ii. pp. 166-174. The Rev. H. Lindsay's Visit to the Apocalyptic Churches (in 1815), in the Christian Observer, vol. xv. pp. 190, 191. See also Stosch's Syntagma Dissertationum Septem de Nominibus totidem Urbium Asiæ, ad quas D. Joannes in Apocalypsi Filii Dei Epistolas direxit. 8vo. Guelpherbyti, 1757.

,אבזין,of Achzib

lemais; others, that Ecdippa is described in Josh. xix. 29. under the name The Arabs call a place, three hours north from Ptolemais, Zib, which is the place where formerly stood Ecdippa. It is probable that Ackshaph and Achzib are but different names for the same town. Mr. Buckingham, who visited this place in January 1816, found it a small town situated on a hill near the sea, and having a few palm-trees rearing themselves above its dwellings.

ADMAH, OF ADAMA, one of the five wicked cities destroyed by fire from heaven, and afterwards overwhelmed by the waters of the Dead Sea. (Gen. xix. 24.) It was the most easterly of those which were swallowed up; and there is some probability, either that it was not entirely sunk under the waters, or that the subsequent inhabitants of the country built a city of the same name on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea; for Isaiah, according to the LXX, says, God will destroy the Moabites, the city of Ar, and the remnant of Adama. (Isa. xv. ult.) 'Αρω το σπέρμα Μωαβ και Αριήλ, και το καταλειπον "Αδαμα.

ADRAMYTTIUM, a maritime town of Mysia, in Asia Minor, for which Paul embarked in his first voyage to Italy. (Acts xxvii. 12.)

in the half-tribe of Manasseh, within Jordan.

AHAVA, a river of Babylonia, or of Assyria, where Ezra assembled those captives whom he afterwards_brought into Judæa. (Ezra vii. 15.) It is supposed to be that which ran along the region of Adiabene, where a river Diava, or Adiava, is mentioned, on which Ptolemy places the city Abane or Aavane. This is probably the country called Ava (2 Kings xvii. 24. xviii. 34. xix. 13.), whence the kings of Assyria translated the people called Avites into Palestine; and where, likewise, in their room, they settled some of the captive Israelites. Ezra, intending to collect turn with him to Judæa, halted in the as many Israelites as he could, to recountry of Ava, or Ahava, whence he sent agents into the Caspian mountains, to invite such Jews as were willing to join him. (Ezra viii. 17.)

AJALON, a city in the canton of the tribe of Dan, assigned to the Levites of Kohath's family. It was situated between Timnath and Beth-Shemesh, and is probably the city alluded to, in Josh. x. 12. There were three other cities of this name; one in the canton of Benjamin, another in that of Ephraim, not far from Schechem; and the third in the canton of Zebulun; the situation of which is not known.

ADRIA is mentioned in Acts xxvii. 27., where, it is to be observed, that ALEXANDRIA, a celebrated city of when Saint Paul says, that they were Egypt, built by Alexander the Great, tossed in Adria, he does not say in the A. M. 3673, B. c. 331, and situated beAdriatic Gulf, which ends with the Il- tween the Mediterranean Sea and lyrian Sea, but in the Adriatic Sea, the Lake Moeris. Alexandria at prewhich, according to Hesychius, is the sent exhibits no vestiges of its former same with the Ionian Sea; and there- magnificence, except the ruins that fore to the question, How Saint Paul's surround it, and which are of very ship, which was near to Malta, and so, remote antiquity. Under the Arabian either in the Lybian or Sicilian Sea, dynasty, its splendour gradually decould be in the Adriatic? It is well an- clined with its commerce. From the swered, That not only the Ionian, but neglect of the canals, which antiently even the Sicilian Sea, and part of that diffused fertility through the surwhich washes Crete, was called the rounding country, and the encroachAdriatic. Thus, Ptolemy says, that Si-ments of the sand, the city is now cily was bounded on the east, vño Tov Adptov, by the Adriatic; and that Crete was compassed on the west, ύπο του 'Adpiarikov Teλayovs, by the Adriatic Sea and Strabo says, that the Ionian Gulf, μepos isi Tov vvv Adpiov λeyoμɛvov, is a part of that which in his time was called the Adriatic Sea. (Whitby.)

:

ENON, or ENON, signifies the place of springs, where John baptised. (John iii. 23.) It is uncertain where it was situated, whether in Galilee, or Judæa. or Samaria, where Lubin places it, viz.

insulated in a desert, and exhibits no vestiges of those delightful gardens and cultivated fields, which subsisted even to the time of the Arabian conquest. The commerce of antient Alexandria was very extensive, especially in corn (Egypt being considered the granary of Rome), so that the centurion could easily meet with a ship of Alexandria, laden with corn, sailing into Italy. (Acts xxvii. 6.) Alexandria was the native place of Apollos. (Acts xviii. 24.)

quered great part of the countries belonging to the Ammonites and Moabites, Moses retook this from the Amorites, and divided it between the tribes of Gad and Reuben. Long after this, in the time of Jephthah (Judg. xi. 13.), the Ammonites declared war against Israel, pretending that Israel detained the country which had been theirs before the Amorites possessed it. Jephthah replied, that this territory being acquired by Israel in a just war, from the Amorites, who had long enjoyed it by right of conquest, he was under no obligation to restore it. The Ammonites being dissatisfied with this reply, Jephthah gave them battle, and defeated them.

AMALEKITES.--The Amalekites were the descendants of Eliphaz, the firstborn of Esau, by his concubine Timna; whereas the Idumæans were the offspring of a legitimate wife. On this diversity of origin was founded the rivalry which constantly existed between these two nations. In other respects they appear to have resembled each other, in their religion, their taste for the arts, and their commerce, which their situation between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean encouraged them to cultivate and extend. It is even conjectured that they were warriors and conquerors, and made a part of the shepherds who subdued Egypt, and reigned there during two hundred years. It was probably this brilliant success which caused them to be styled, by the Jewish historian, the first of nations. Annexed to this illustrious title is found, however, the fatal prediction: their name shall be put out from under heaven. In fact, perpetual wars against their neighbours, and especially the Jews, insensibly ruined them. Saul made a terrible slaughter of them, and was not permitted to save Agag their king, who was hewnin pieces by the prophet Samuel: David exterminated those who had escaped the former massacre. After this terrible execution, we meet no more with the name of Amalek but in the history of Esther; in whose time Haman, an Amalekite, to revenge an affront he imagined himself to have received from the Jew Mordecai, conceived the design of causing to be cut off, in a single night, not only all the Jews dispersed in the states of Ahasueras king of Babylon, but even those who had been left in Judæa to mourn over the ruins of their country. This dreadful design recoiled on Haman, who was exterminated with all his family; and the Jews received permission to pursue and put to death their ene-nued under the government of David mies wherever they could find them. They made a great slaughter of them, and since this event, nothing more has been heard of the Amalekites.

The Ammonites and Moabites generally united in attacking Israel. After the death of Othniel, the Ammonites and Amalekites joined with Eglon, king of Moab, to oppress them. Some years after, about a. m. 2799, the Ammonites greatly oppressed the Israelites beyond Jordan; but, in 2817, God raised up Jephthah to deliver them. In the beginning of Saul's reign, A. м. 2909, B. C. 1195, Nahash, king of the Ammonites, having attacked Jabesh-Gilead reduced it to a capitulation. (1 Sam. xi. 1.) Nahash offered no other conditions, than their submitting to have every man his right eye plucked out, as a reproach upon Israel; but Saul coming seasonably to the succour of Jabesh, delivered the city and people from the intended barbarity of Nahash.

David, having been a friend of the king of Ammon, after his death sent compliments of condolence to Hanun his son and successor; who, regarding these ambassadors as spies,treated them in a very affronting manner. David avenged the affront, subdued the Ammonites, the Moabites, and the Syrians, their allies, Ammon and Moab conti

and Solomon, and after the separation of the ten tribes, were subject to the kings of Israel till the death of Ahab. (2 Kings i. 1. A. M. 3107; e. c. 897.)

AMMONITES,а people descended from Jehoram, son of Ahab, and successor Amunon, son of Lot; called sometimes of Ahaziah, defeated the Moabites, A. M. Ammanites. They destroyed the giants 3109. (2 Kings iii. 4, 5, 6. &c.) But it Zamzunmin, and seized their country. does not appear, that this victory re(Deut. ii. 19, 20, 21.) God forbad Moses duced them to his obedience. At the and Israel from attacking the Ammo- same time the Ammonites, Moabites, nites, because he did not intend to give and other people, made an irruption their land to the Hebrews. Neverthe- into Judah, but were repulsed and less, as, previously to the Israelites en-routed by Jehoshaphat. (2 Chron. XX. tering Canaan, the Amorites had con- 1,2. ct seq.)