letters, etc., that passed through the post office was 232,147 in the internal, and 562,870 in the external service. The number of telegraphic dispatches in 1893 was 678,093.

The active army numbers 4,000 men; the militia, 18,000.

Revolution. Three officers of the army, Gutierrez, Ubandin, and Galan, started a revolution against the Government of Ezeta, at Santa Anna, on April 29. A state of siege was proclaimed, and the Government made efforts to put down the rebellion. The people were tired of military rule and restive under the heavy taxes imposed for railroads and other internal improvements, for the extinction of the external and internal debts, and for the increase and equipment of the army. Gen. Antonio Ezeta, the Vice-President and commander-in-chief, hastened to Santa Anna with all the troops under his command and all that he could press into the service. The rebels were recruited from the exiles of Salvador and their friends in Guatemala and Honduras until they numbered 7,000. President Ezeta collected 1,500 men to re-enforce his brother, who had 14,000, after the latter's departure, and followed after by rail, but the train was derailed by the rebels between Acajutla and Sonsonate, on May 3, and 200 were killed and 122 injured. Gen. Herrera, who commanded a division of Gen. Antonio Ezeta's army, revolted, and went over with most of his men and his guns. In the three first battles fought near Santa Anna-at La Alder, Las Crucitas, and El Conacaste the Government claimed to be victorious, though its troops lost ground in the series of engagements that followed, and were driven back toward the capital, San Salvador, though heavy losses were inflicted upon the rebels at Chalchuaja, and their intrenchments were taken by the Government troops, commanded by Gen. Joaquin Lopez. Antonio Ezeta advanced once more upon Santa Anna, and a desperate battle was fought on May 24, when 600 were killed. Commander Thomas, of the United States war ship" Bennington," landed marines at Libertad to protect the American consulate and the lives and property of Americans and other foreigners. The last battles were fiercely contested. The war lasted only a little over a month, yet in that time, according to the statement of President Ezeta, 3,000 were killed and 7,000 wounded. On the Government side the losses were 2,000 killed and 5,000 wounded.

Gen. Carlos Ezeta, convinced that further resistance would be vain, fled from the country on June 4, on a German merchant steamer bound for Panama. He nominated Dr. Carlos Bonilla to act as President during his absence. The members of his Cabinet and others of his supporters joined him at Colon.

After the departure of the Ezetas a struggle for the presidency took place between Gen. Gutierrez and Manuel Rivas. Their supporters had a pitched battle for the possession of Libertad after it had been looted by the fleeing soldiery of the late Government. Lieut. F. W. Coffin and the United States marines put an end to the looting, but did not interfere in the fight between Col. Ayala, the Governor appointed by Gutierrez, and Ulysses Mora, the nominee of Rivas. The former was finally suc

cessful. The rival candidates for the presidency reached San Salvador about the same time. Rivas, who was supported by a large part of the Indian population, got possession of the palace first, while his troops occupied the barracks and the principal public buildings. Gen. Gutierrez, however, had a more powerful following, and could command more fighting men. Gen. Rivas therefore finally yielded precedence to him. Rafael Antonio Gutierrez proclaimed himself President of a Provisional Government, and on June 24 appointed the following Cabinet: Minister of Foreign Affairs, Jacinto Castellanos; Minister of the Interior, Prudencio Alfaro; Minister of the Treasury, Corollo Lemus; Minister of War and Marine, Estanislao Perez. By July the Government was working smoothly and the payment of the domestic and foreign debts was resumed.

Gen. Antonio Ezeta, after his last defeat, fought his way to Libertad, where he arrived on June 6, pursued by the victorious revolutionists. With Gen. Leon Bolanos, Major Florencio Bustamente, Col. Juan Cienfuegos, and other officers, he took refuge on the United States naval ship "Bennington," intending to take a Pacific mail steamer for Panama. Commander Thomas was instructed from Washington to keep the refugees, and his vessel was ordered home when the new Government demanded their extradition. Before the arrival of the Bennington" at San Francisco the United States Government formally recognized the de facto Government of Salvador and Gen. Gutierrez as Provisional President. The refugees were held by the United States district court in San Francisco, pending the examination of the charges of murder, arson, robbery, and embezzlement, and were finally ordered, on Sept. 22, to be released by Judge Morrow, on the ground that the crimes charged against them were of a political and martial character. The main charges were based on the shooting of Col. Tomas Canas, who had delivered his troops, munitions, and cannon to the rebels; the hanging of several persons during the operations; and the exaction of a forced loan from the International Bank of Salvador and Nicaragua.

SALVATION ARMY. The twenty-seventh annual report of the Salvation Army shows that the number of corps at the end of 1893 was 3,124, and of officers, 10,791; of which 1,213 corps and 4,317 officers were in the British Islands, and the remainder in Canada, Australasia, Jamaica, India and Ceylon, South Africa, France, Switzerland, Holland, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, the United States, Argentina, Finland, and Italy. A beginning of operations in Japan was contemplated. In connection with the social work were returned 48 rescue homes, 64 slum posts, 12 prison-gate homes, 21 food depots, 32 shelters, 17 factories, 17 labor bureaus, and 6 farms, with the management of all of which 1,046 persons were engaged. The army numbered more than 200,000 soldiers, 10,237 local officers, and 3,258 bandsmen, while 35 newspapers and 8 monthly periodicals were published by it in 14 languages. The total receipts had been £30,848 and the expenditure £30,370. The foreign service fund amounted to £40,932, the

property account to £46,880. The trade depart ment showed receipts of £164,833 and a net profit of £4,437. The balance sheet accounted for £700,405, and a net balance remained in bank of £1,336.

SAMOA, a monarchy in the Pacific Ocean, declared independent and neutral at the Samoan Conference held in Berlin in June, 1889, by plenipotentiaries of the United States, Germany, and Great Britain, who signed a general act providing for the neutrality and autonomous government of the islands. The King is Malietoa Laupepa, who was restored and proclaimed King again, after two years of exile, by the American, German, and British consuls on Dec. 10, 1889. The Superior Judge appointed under the tripartite treaty is H. Ide.

The area of the Samoan Islands is 1,700 square miles. The native population was 35,565 in 1887. There are about 450 whites and 1,000 Polynesian laborers from other islands.

The foreign trade is conducted chiefly by Germans. The staple articles are copra, cotton, coffee, and fresh fruits.

The imports in 1893 were valued at 1,386,811 marks, and the exports at 642,621 marks. During 1893 there were 81 vessels, of 74,955 tons, entered at the port of Apia. There are 2 American ocean liners and 1 British steamer from New Zealand, in which most of the imports are brought, and there was a German steamship, which was taken off during the year. The German Trading and Plantation Company has the whole trade in copra, which constituted 80 per cent. of the exports, and most of the export trade in other products. This company, which has large plantations, has given up the cultivation of coffee and the ginning of cotton. Of the imports, more than half come from Great Britain and British colonies, mostly on German account.

The revenue for 1893 was £5,995 sterling, of which £4,189 were derived from the native head tax. £77 from the taxes paid by natives to the Samoan Government on boats, firearms, dwelling houses and business premises, traders' stores, and licenses for professions and trades, £523 from the same taxes paid by Germans both to the municipality of Apia and to the Samoan Government, £484 from the same taxes paid by British subjects, £137 from the same taxes paid by Americans, £152 from other nationalities, and £433 from the tax on colored laborers paid by the German Trading and Plantation Company.

Rebellion of Tamasese.-Malietoa is one of several chiefs of clans, and can rely only on the obedience and support of his own people, the Tuamasaga and a part of Savaii. The Samoans generally have refused to acknowledge his rule or to pay taxes to the Government, regarding it as a white men's Government, and the King as a mere puppet in their hands. The King and the Faipule, his council, have been constrained to act at the dictation not of the Chief Justice and the president of the Municipal Council of Apia, who are his official advisers under the treaty, but of the consuls of the 3 powers, who can call for the interference of war ships, and who are ruled only by regard for the commercial interests and for the personal security of their compatriots. The Samoans, who look with contempt upon the ideas and customs of white people and despise their

inferior physique, are ready to accept any king who will rebel against European interference and encroachment. Moreover, they have the habit of engaging in clan feuds, with the concomitants of head-hunting and other barbarities. Hence the rise of a new pretender to the throne every little while, who is supported by his own and allied clans in a fierce conflict with the tribesmen of the King and the savages of Savaii. who delight in slaughter and rapine. In January, 1894, only a few months after Mataafa and a dozen of his chiefs had been exiled to the coral island of Taluit, in the Marshall group, and while 27 others were still expiating in prison their part in the last rebellion, the Tupuas rose to place the younger Tamasese upon the throne, to rule the Samoans in their sole interest, with native counselors only. Tamasese, a brave, stalwart, intelligent young man, did not venture to raise the standard of a pretender, though he went into the war with his people and voiced their complaints against the King and the whites, whom he threatened to drive from the islands. One half of the Tupuas, the inhabitants of the province of Atua, did not join in the revolt, but engaged only in empty declamation and fruitless embassies. Against the people of Aana, who did rise, the cruel troops of Savaii were let loose to cut down the fruit trees, outrage the women, burn the houses, and kill horses, pigs, and dogs.

The rebellious disposition of the natives of Aana had been intensified by the action of the Chief Justice in fining and imprisoning certain chiefs, and the outbreak had been precipitated by the act of the Government, which, at the instigation of the whites, sent troops into the district for the purpose of disarming the natives.

As soon as the rebellion broke out Mr. Ide, at the suggestion of Robert L. Stevenson, had an ordinance passed by the Faipule inflicting severe penalties on any one who took heads. When the troops marched to the front he explained the terms of the new law to the chiefs, and said that it would unfailingly be executed. Nevertheless heads were taken, not only by the warriors of Tamasese, who accepted their presentation, but by the Savaii men, from whom Malietoa refused to accept one offered as a trophy. One third of the King's troops, the Tuamasaga, obeyed the letter of the law, contenting themselves with cutting off the ears of the fallen enemies. ChiefJustice Ide was unable to proceed against the violators of the law, because they were included in the general amnesty arranged by the consuls without his concurrence. The excuse of the consuls was that there was danger of a massacre of the whites in Apia if the war continued.

During March a series of sharp skirmishes took place in which the Savaiians were generally suecessful, driving their adversaries from their fortified camps into the inaccessible forests on the mountains and ravaging their country. The loss on the Government side was 60 killed and wounded, while on the side of the rebels hundreds were killed, wounded, and taken prisoners.

The consuls went to Aana and finally sueceeded in arranging an armistice between the contending parties and the preliminaries of a peace whereby full pardon was to be granted to the rebels on condition that they should surrender 50 rifles, make 20 miles of road, and pay the

fines levied by the Chief Justice that had originally provoked their resistance.

The Aanas were willing to observe the peace and return to their villages but for the Savaiians, who refused to go back to their island and settled in Tuamasaga, on the border of Aana. The German cruiser Falke" arrived on April 15, and the English man-of-war "Curaçoa" on April 21. When the Savaiians at last promised to withdraw to their homes, after celebrating a peace festival, all save 100 men for the protection of the Government, the Aanas agreed to the terms of the peace and sent in the 50 stand of arms-useless, broken guns-on May 21. The Savaiians did not depart, however, for the people of Atua, angered at the failure of the Government and the whites to rid the island of their hereditary enemies from Savaii, were arming themselves, and threatened to attack the Savaiians in behalf of their brothers of Aana.

When the King sent some of his regular forces into Atua to assert his authority they were received with rifle shots. The King's forces were soon confronted by a large body of rebels. Skirmishes occurred, and robberies and the taking of heads and the maltreatment of women began again. Tamasese headed the insurgent party, which was joined by warriors from Aana. There were said to be 7,000 under arms. The German naval officers sympathized with Tamasese and his followers. Nevertheless, when Chief-Justice Ide and Herr Schmidt, the President of the Municipal Council, joined the consuls in a request for the intervention of the war ships for the re-establishment of law and order, the German and English commanders jointly sent an ultimatum requiring 10 chiefs to tender their submission on board the "Curaçoa" and deliver up 50 guns. The chiefs went through the form, and returned to the rebel camp. The 50 rifles that were surrendered were worn-out weapons, as usual. After the departure of the vessels the rebels attacked a village where Malietoa was supposed to be. Desultory fighting continued for two months, both sides holding their positions, while planting was entirely neglected. On Aug. 10, as the result of conferences between the consuls and the naval officers, the British cruiser "Curaçoa" and the German corvette "Bussard" proceeded to the rebel stronghold, Luatoanuu, and notified the chiefs that the place would be bombarded next morning. The rebels evacuated their stronghold during the night. After shelling and nearly destroying the fortifications the naval commanders again communicated with the chiefs, ordering them to disperse their followers and surrender their arms. They refused, and marched along the coast toward Lufilufi, where they made a stand and attacked the King's forces that pursued them, killing several men. On Aug. 13 the naval vessels opened fire, killing or wounding a large number, while Malietoa's forces attacked by land. The rebels, whose loss was heavy, sued for peace. The chiefs went on board the “Curaçoa" and promised to submit to Malietoa's rule, to pay taxes, and to deliver up 100 rifles. On the following evening, having been re-enforced by Aanites, they renewed the attack upon the King's men, and the "Bussard" fired upon them through the night. The rebels withdrew from this part

of the coast, and the insurrection broke out again in Aana. The German commander having refused to help the British in suppressing the rebels, Malietoa was told that he could expect no further assistance from the war ships. The English commander, however, conveyed him to Aana, and while both vessels lay off shore sent a message to Tamasese commanding him to come on board and "crawl to the feet of Malietoa," and to give up 100 rifles and disband his army "or take the consequences." Herr Schmidt, who was laboring with Tamasese as a mediator, induced him to accept these terms and to deliver up some escaped convicts. Accordingly he went on board and made his submission. The people of the disturbed districts were not submissive. They would pay no taxes, and when the land commissioners went to Aana to survey claims they were not allowed to do their work. The claims filed with the land commission amount to 24,000 acres more than the actual area of the islands. British subjects claim titles to 283,600, Americans 276,000, and Germans 135,122 acres. The war vessels remained in Samoan waters because both factions armed themselves for a fresh struggle. The only sources of income were the municipal rates of Apia after the people refused to pay the head tax, amounting to more than half their gross revenues, for the support of foreign officials. The salaries of the King's advisers are $5,000 and $6,000, while the King's salary is only $1,000, and for many months he had received

none.

In November the representatives of all the villages that were opposed to the Government withdrew from Apia to Atua to hold meetings. Both Atua and Aana forbade inhabitants of the districts that fought on the side of the Government to return to their villages, some of which were burned down.

SANTO DOMINGO, a republic in the West Indies occupying the eastern part of the island of Hayti or Santo Domingo. The Congress is a single house of 22 members, elected, like the President, indirectly for four years. Gen. Ulises Heureaux, who first became President on July 20, 1886, was re-elected for the second time in November, 1892.

The area of the republic is 18,045 square miles. The population is estimated at 417,000. Santo Domingo, the capital city, had 14,150 inhabitants in 1892.

The receipts of the Government for 1890 were estimated in the budget at $3,828,329, and expenses at $3,837,300. There is a foreign debt amounting to £714,300 sterling, with £680,000 interest in arrears at the end of 1890. A new 6per-cent. loan of £900,000 was contracted in 1890, on which no interest has been paid since March, 1893. The internal debts in 1889 amounted to $2,931,375 in 1889. The revenues are collected by the San Domingo Improvement Company, an American corporation, which has acquired the bonds held by a Dutch firm and contracted to complete the railroad toward the center of the island. This company has also undertaken to introduce a new coinage on a gold basis, with subsidiary silver dollars 84 grains heavier than those of the united and fractional coins of full proportional weight and

fineness. Mexican dollars are current still, but for less than their bullion value.

There were 192 vessels, of 102,532 tons, entered at the port of Santo Domingo in 1893; and in the previous year 129, of 147,347 tons, at Puerto Plata. The exports are coffee, mahogany, logwood, lignum vitæ, fustic, lancewood, cacao, sugar, honey, tobacco, and hides.

There is a railroad from Samana to La Vega, 71 miles, which is being extended to Santiago. The telegraph between Puerto Plata and Santo Domingo, 229 miles, with branches, connects with the French submarine cable. The post office in 1892 carried 323,662 internal and 205,075 international letters.

Political Conspiracy. The disaffection with the President broke out in open revolt a few days after the execution of the Baez brothers, in December, 1893. This insurrection was put down after less than a fortnight's fighting. Heureaux still dreaded his enemies, however, and took every means to terrify them, causing the arrest and imprisonment of several prominent persons known to be hostile to him. He had spies everywhere, and permitted no foreign ers to land without passports. During January and February, 1894, a dozen persons were reported to have been tried by court-martial and executed. One of these was Francisco Pidťado, whose brother, the Spanish consul, was unceremoniously banished. In July another plot to assassinate the President was scented by the secret agents, in consequence of which several men were arrested and Gen. Bobadilla was shot as the ringleader. The arrests led to another disturbance in the capital, which was quelled with the usual rigor.

Quarrel with France.-Before the last election President Heureaux, wishing to pay arrears of salary due the officials, contracted to borrow 200,000 francs from the Banque Dominicaine, a French corporation, on the security of treasury bonds at half their nominal value and at 15 per cent. interest. M. Marcenas, the head of the bank, who was a rival candidate for the presidency, refused to advance the money without the security of the stamp duties, which were already pledged elsewhere. Heureaux thereupon demanded the return of the bonds, having received an offer of the money from another bank. He appealed to the courts, which ordered the bank either to advance the money or to return the bonds. The bank disputed the impartiality of this judgment, whereupon Gen. Heureaux affixed the Government seals to the coffers of the bank. The French consul then intervened, and placed his seals over those of the Dominican Government. These seals were removed by order of the President. The French consul regarded this act a violation of international law and telegraphed to his Government, which sent 2 men-of-war to Dominican waters. Gen. Heureaux offered to deposit 200.000 francs in any other bank, but the proposition was not accepted, and diplomatic relations were broken off. SERO-THERAPY. In the decade preceding this bacteriology had developed a variety of experiments for antagonizing microbes by other microbes, or by their own kind, or by their autotoxic product attenuated, on the principle of vaccination for smallpox. Wanting success on this

line—the chief practical result of which is the tuberculin test for consumption germs in catte the true direction of progress has been found in the present decade in the cultivation and reenforcement of the blood as the true citadel of life, in its perfection impregnable, as immemorial experience and modern science unitedly testify, to the assaults of infection, whether by microbes or by their toxic products. Two general methods of re-enforcing the blood against disease have been found effectual to degrees so promising as to announce a new medical epoch of unprecedented importance. Hæmatherapy, or treatment by blood (practically the blood of animals) is a comprehensive term for the system in both of its methods, but has been limited by usage to the application of robust animal blood, in its ordinary activity, to the maladies that result from debilitation or exhaustion of the vital fluid in man, such as anæmia, innutrition, debility, ulcers, and exsanguination from choleraic, traumatic, or post-partum hæmorrhage, but without excluding from view the probable efficacy of this natural, innocuous, and purely physiological agent in all cases, except possibly where epidemics of extraordinary virulence assault the unpre pared system without warning. For these purposes ox blood of unimpaired vitality, purified of insoluble elements by a cold process and preserved permanently aseptic, is everywhere accessible to the physician.

That more specialized hæmatherapy which is directed exclusively to the resistance of specifie infections is called "sero-therapy," as being an artificial cultivation of the blood serum to the reenforcement of its natural immunitive powers in special directions, according to the particular variety of infection to be combated. Various species of animals were at first found to be naturally proof or "immune" against the attacks of particular species of microbes. In searching for the cause of this immunity, that it might be transferred to man, it was found to reside in their blood, as a protective substance or potency in the serum, which is bactericidal and also cytocidal to the blood cells, both red and white, of animals of other species. To this substance or potency is given the name alexin. Buchner and Vaughan independently concur in deriving this principle from the leucocytes or white cells of the blood, and Vaughan has demonstrated that it is contained in the nucleus of those cells, from which he has isolated a substance possessing its protective property, which has thence acquired the name of nuclein. By charging the blood of any animal with a specific microbe or its toxic products, and thus setting up an extraordinary contention between the poison and its natural antagonist in the blood of the animal-but only to such degree that the animal blood is sure of victory in the contest-it is found that the protective principle in the blood becomes progressively invigorated by the exercise, and at length to a prodigious degree. Its vigor is tested by a specific action in the blood of susceptible animals, which are quickly killed by it in sufficient quantity, probably by the joint action of the cytocidal power of the alexin, destroying whatever resistant force the blood of the victim might have possessed, and of the morbific products of the microbe which, though overcome by the immu

nized animal, were not wholly expelled from its blood. In the serum of this victorious animal has accumulated such bactericidal or antitoxic power that if it is thrown into conflict with the specific microbe or its toxines in the blood of a human subject affected therewith (but so adjusted in quantity and strength and so gradually applied as not to overtax but to stimulate the resistant capacity of the patient) its virtue is diffused throughout the natural circulation, the reactive power of the patient's blood is invigorated at once by the re-enforcement from without and by the conflict excited with the microbes or toxines of the disease, and as a result the patient comes to share the victory as well as the conflict of the immune animal with which he has been put into partnership. In the case of persons exposed to an infection but not as yet possessed by it, the same process becomes one of immunization against the threatened attack, although it is not yet found that such immunization is permanent or even very long continued. At all events, it almost infallibly defends against the present danger, and by its general application as prophylactic may yet expel and thenceforward keep at bay, like smallpox, the hosts of pestilence.

While tetanus and cholera were earlier heard of as objects of attack on this line, the great interest inspired by reports of unequivocal success has been centered, thus far, on the most usually formidable of the infections save tuberculosisdiphtheria. The success realized in combating this terrible infection has been universal, though not uniform, in the hospitals of the chief cities of the civilized world, the apparent reduction of mortality from actual attacks ranging from 10 per cent. to 80 per cent., while the prevented attacks must have been close to 100 per cent., wherever the prophylactic has been applied to families and neighborhoods exposed to the disease. In an exhaustive critical discussion of the treatment by the Berlin Medical Society, which was prolonged for several days, Prof. Virchow, the severest critic of the new bacteriological therapeutics, announced his hesitating experimentation with the serum and his unequivocal concession of its virtue from the following most significant tests, positive and negative, in the Kaiser-and-Kaiserin-Friedrich Hospital: Beginning in March, 1894, the cases of diphtheria were treated with Aronson's serum for eight weeks, when the supply suddenly gave out. The result had been recoveries, 54; deaths, 8. For the next seven weeks, when there was no serum, the deaths exceeded the recoveries 55 to 54. Hochst's serum was then obtained, and for the next six weeks the recoveries were 69, to 12 deaths. This experiment seems to have disposed of all doubt as to the beneficent power of sero-therapy in diphtheria at least.

The preparation of the serum is in three steps or stages: 1. The preparation of the original specific poison from a bouillon culture of the microbes which is filtered, tested to a standard of virulency on guinea pigs, and sealed up for preservation in darkness and fixed temperature. 2. The immunization of the animal that is to furnish the serum, preferably the horse, which stands the process better and yields more and stronger serum than any other. After testing

the health of the animal with tuberculin, etc., a small trial injection of the toxine is administered and the effects noted and modified by treatment if necessary in the course of a few days' observation. The injections are continued once a week or oftener, according to the time of recovery from immediate effects, for nearly ninety days, the dose being steadily increased until at last it is perhaps five hundred times as strong as at first, and the system has become insensible to its effects beyond the local inflammation at the puncture. When this condition is reached, and not before, the blood becomes rich in the antitoxine. 3. The withdrawal and preparation of the serum. The blood of the horse, to the amount of 6 or 8 litres at a bleeding, is withdrawn from the jugular vein into sterilized bottles with all antiseptic precautions, allowed to coagulate, and placed in an ice chest for twenty-four hours, when the serum will have separated, and is then transferred through a pipette to proper receptacles for use. The administration of the serum to the patient is generally similar to that of any other subcutaneous injection. The locality preferred for injection is generally the side. It is advised that whenever the physician suspects a case of diphtheria he should immediately inject a dose of 20 cubic centimetres and give to all those exposed to the possible infection a protective dose of 5 cubic centimetres. These doses are for children, but for subjects as old as fifteen years they are duplicated on the other side at the same time. The only risk incurred is said to be that of giving rise to slight urticaria or nettle rash. There remain, however, as in all cases of disease and modes of treatment, elements of uncertainty and variation due to possible complications in the constitution or health of the patient, which keep room always for skillful discrimination. In a few cases quite serious trouble has been reported following the treatment, though nothing so serious as death by diphtheria or death from the after effects of the treatment. It is obvious that much is yet to be learned respecting the best use of the remedy and the net result after all consequences are known. There are not wanting conservative critics who assert that disorders of the kidneys, joints, and other seats of chronic disease are sure to follow such a vigorous interference with the routine of Nature. The more enthusiastic friends of the treatment are equally sure that no such thing is to be feared in view of present experience, although it must be admitted that the time has yet been short for adequate observation. The following is the chronology of the recent discoveries in diphtheria and its sero-therapeutic treatment:

1883, the diphtheritic bacillus discovered by Klebs in the false membrane.

1884, the bacillus isolated and proved upon animals as to the false membrane, by Loeffler, whence known as the Klebs-Loeffler bacillus.

1888, proving of the Klebs-Loeffler bacillus completed as to the diphtheritic paralysis, by Roux and Yersin. Continuing their investigations, they discovered later the diphtheritic toxine produced by the bacillus and proved it, as to the paralysis, etc., the same as with the microbe. The German bacteriologists proceeded from these data in experiments by inoculation of animals for immunity under the lead of Karl Fraenckel and