greater extension. The Rhône Canal alone, according to M. Dumont, the author of the project, will permit the inundation in winter of 80,000 hectares of vines. It is found that submerged vines give the best harvests, their production varying from 100 to 200 hectoliters per hectare, while 250 hectoliters is not rare. Unfortunately submergible regions are of limited extent and the method itself is not yet fully understood and has even been the object of unjust prejudices, although there are less obstacles in its way than in that of any other treatment.

In general it can be said that inundation is the only infallible method of destroying the Phylloxera and should always be practiced where feasible, unless use is made of resistant stocks, or in vineyards planted in the sands. All soils are not equally suited to submersion. It is necessary that they be neither too compact nor too loose. The best results are obtained when the soil is such as to

FIG. 202.-Gwynne centrifugal pump, connected with mounted engine. (From Mayet.)

allow penetration by the water in twenty-four hours of from 1 to 5 centimeters. If the water reaches a depth in this time of 8 to 10 centimeters the quantity of water required is so great as to render its application impracticable.

Submersion is limited practically to the vineyards of south France included in the olive region and planted on level land and in the vicinity of water courses or artificial and natural water reservoirs. Where vines are grown on hilly land it is of course impracticable, and in north France the colder winters make inundation dangerous to the vines. Up to the present time it is practiced chiefly in southeast France and in the southwest beyond the Gironde and in the neighboring departments. The amount of water required per hectare ranges according to the soil from 10,000 to 30,000 cubic meters. The duration of the submergence to be effective also varies with the soil and with the climate.

In the northern regions (Drome) the submergence may be limited to twenty-five to thirty days, while in the more southern regions, where the phylloxera multiplies much more rapidly, thirty to forty days will be required.

The treatment may be made at any season of the year, but it has in practice been found advisable to make it during the winter. In summer, while the lice are in full development and active, their destruction is easier than in the dormant, resting condition of the winter season, but the liability of checking the growth of the vine by a summer application renders it inadvisable. The different varieties of grapes do not all behave alike under submersion. Those subject to cryptogamic diseases are rendered more liable to attack,

FIG. 203.-Inundating vineyard with centrifugal steam pump

and such varieties may be better protected by grafting on American stocks.

In submerging, as practiced in France, the vineyards are commonly laid off in squares or rectangular plats, the latter for sloping ground. Around these plats walls of earth are raised, varying in dimensions with the size of the plat, and these walls are protected from erosion by planting them with forage plants, the common Trifolium repens being recommended for this purpose by Foëx. During the first year the exposed side of the embankment is commonly protected with roots, cuttings, or reed grass.

Where possible the water is introduced most satisfactorily and cheaply from canals, as in irrigation; otherwise various elevating machines are employed. The greater part of the submersions are

made by means of centrifugal steam pumps, which are either stationary or arranged to be transported from place to place. The pumps generally employed are those of L. Dumont and of J. & H. Gwynne, those of the latter being combined with a mounted engine for transportation. A mounted engine and Gwynne pump is represented at Fig. 202. The illustration on the preceding page (Fig. 203) represents the submerging of a vineyard in a river valley by means of an apparatus similar to the one figured above. It is sometimes possible to substitute water power for steam in the elevation of water, which, of course, greatly lessens the cost of the application.

CHAPTER VIII.

EXHIBITIONS OF LIVE STOCK.

By C. V. RILEY and AMORY AUSTIN.

Two exhibitions of live stock, one of cattle, sheep, swine, poultry, and rabbits, the other of horses and asses, were held during the summer, in connection with the Exposition. These were located in temporary sheds under the trees upon the Cours-la-Reine, between the Palais de l'Industrie and the river. A show of dogs, not connected with the Exposition, was held in the garden of the Tuilleries. The cattle and poultry show was held from the 13th to the 22d of July. There were some 1,500 head of cattle, 800 sheep, and 300 swine, classified in two categories; first, those of foreign races, born and raised abroad; and, secondly, those of French or foreign races born and raised in France. Of these, 383 head of cattle, 138 sheep, and 68 swine were shown by foreigners, 208 of whom were from Great Britain and Ireland, and 182 from Belgium. There were also exhibitions from Switzerland, Holland, Italy, and Denmark, but none from the United States, probably on account of the difficulty and risk of sending valuable animals across the ocean.

Shorthorns.-The improved Durham race continues, as in 1878, to be one of the most appreciated in France, and even further improvement has been made in it. The English exhibit of Shorthorns, although not equal to that of 1878, and less numerous than that made by France, came off best in prizes, winning seven out of fifteen, the French taking five prizes and the Belgians three. The prize bull of the cattle show was, however, not a Durham, but a French bull of the Limousin breed, raised in the department of Haute-Vienne. Many more English entries of Shorthorns would have been made had it not been for a law intended for protection against the foot and mouth disease which prohibits the entry into that country of cattle coming from the Continent, so that cattle sent from England for exhibition in Paris were not permitted to return. Many English Shorthorns, however, had been sold to South American buyers, and it is said that some of these were exhibited at Paris on their way to Buenos Ayres. The French Short