307 fingers, the centrifugal action of which accomplishes the shelling almost instantaneously. The pods and peas are thrown against a felt protector, rebound away from the fingers of the sheller and are carried into an interior cylinder. In this cylinder an axis or screw with paddles agitates the pods and discharges them at the rear, while the peas pass through perforations in the cylinder. The second cylinder retains and conducts the large peas; the small ones which pass through the perforations escape at the extremity of the exterior cylinder. The bits of pods, etc., carried away with the peas fall through the elongate perforations in the exterior cylinder. The triple cylinder separator is mounted on movable supports which FIG. 92-L'Ecosseuse or pea-shelling machine. M. Thullier, Paris, France. vibrate with the action of the machine and prevent the pods and peas from adhering to the perforations. The peas, large and small, fall on an endless apron the inclination of which directs them to their respective receivers, while the fragments of pods, etc., are discharged on the other side. The peas are delivered shelled, cleaned, and sorted into two sizes, and, with proper facilities, at the rate of a bushel of pods per minute. The Ecosseuse is made in three sizes, and is sold at 160, 850, and 2,000 francs. CHAPTER VI. CLASS 75-VINE CULTIVATION AND WINE MAKING. Models of buildings used in vine cultivation. Apparatus used in the cultivation of the vine. Appliances of wine vaults, cellars, and vats. Presses. Processes and methods employed in fighting diseases of the vine. PART I.-REVIEW OF THE EXHIBIT. By C. V. RILEY. FRANCE. The French exhibit in Class 75 was installed upon the Quai d'Orsay, near the Pavillon de Dégustation, and was quite extensive, there being no less than one hundred and fifty-seven exhibitors. It exceeded the exhibits of all other countries together and was ornamented with scenes of vineyards, wineries, trellises, the paraphernalia of winemaking, and the implements of the vineyard. Plans and drawings of special domains were shown. The Château d'Issau, belonging to M. Roy, president of this class, was represented by a remarkable relief model. M. Roy has successfully defended his vines against the Phylloxera by the use of bisulphide of carbon and sulphocarbonate of potassium; while an experimental field of secondary French stocks has been saved by submersion. Near this model was a similar representation of the Château Laudenne, which may also be considered a type of the regenerated vineyards of Médoc, a Department in which the vine-growers have been eminently successful in their defense against the Phylloxera. Very useful and instructive viticultural charts of Burgundy, Bordelais, and Champagne were displayed along the walls of the gallery and were accompanied by tables concerning the principal centers of wine production. Collective Exhibits.-The various exhibits which have just been mentioned formed in a manner the complement of some very remarkable exhibits made by the principal agricultural societies and clubs (comices) of those districts in which the vine is the principal culture, such as the Departments of Gard, Hérault, Aude, Pyrénées-Orientales, Gironde, Rhône, etc. These collective exhibits were composed of the following: Plans, descriptions of domains, and, in some cases, of vines and wines, with methods in use at present in reconstruction. Here also was collected together a host of information which testifies to the unremitting efforts made for the improvement of French viticulture. The Société Centrale de l'Agriculture de l'Hérault exhibited a chart which, by means of concentric circles of various colors, indicated in a striking manner the progress attained in the way of reconstitution in that region, which has so cruelly suffered from the Phylloxera. In 1880 there were in Hérault only 2,500 hectares of American plantation, while in 1885 there were 45,000 and in 1888 there were 93,000 hectares. Last year, 1888, the wine harvest in the Department of Hérault attained the respectable figure of 4,507,800 hectoliters. In support of this improvement, a large number of samples of wine were shown in an elegant kiosque, with an assortment of extremely interesting plans of important domains of the district, such as the great viticultural establishments created on the sands of the southern coast by the Compagnie des Salines du Midi, and the Domaine de Guillemain, redeemed with resistant vines (180 hectares), from which the proprietor, Comte d'Espory, harvested in 1888 more than 12,000 hectoliters. Notable also in the exhibit of Hérault were the results obtained by the viticulturists of the commune of Clapiers, who commenced their American plantations nearly fifteen years ago. According to statistics, the Department of the Gard produced in 1888, 1,465,310 hectoliters of wine; in 1880 its production had sunk to 293,068 hectoliters. In the exhibits of the Société de l'Agriculture de la Gironde, and in those of the Comices of Libourne and of Cadillac, it was shown that the harvest of 1888 in the Bordelais district amounted to over 3,000,000 hectoliters. The ancient vineyards of the Bordelais are again reëstablished and there are nearly 150,000 hectares under cultivation; the few gaps caused by the Phylloxera are almost all refilled. Too much can not be said of the tenacity with which the wine-growers of Bordelais have combatted the various parasites which attack their vines, and by means of which they have preserved the precious heritage of their ancestors from destruction. It was in this region also that the bouillie bordelaise, that excellent remedy against most of the fungus diseases of the vine, was first applied. The Departments of the Aude and the Pyrénées-Orientales also figured at the Exposition. Aude possesses 96,475 hectares of vines, and produced, in 1888, 1,122,000 hectoliters of wine. The Société Centrale de l'Agriculture de l'Aude made a very original exhibit of its samples of wines, constructing with the bottles a model of an edifice representing the Porte Narbonnaise of the old city of Carcassonne. Implements for Vine-culture.-As to the implements, properly so called, for vine-culture, plows, cultivators, hoes, harrows, rollers, etc., there was nothing very extraordinary in the French exhibit to record except that in the construction of such instruments various improvements in minor details have been made since 1878. In the main the exhibit was poor-but two or three manufacturers having sent specimens of their work. The manufacture of this class of implements is distributed over a large area of the country and is in the hands of a host of small local factories which made no exhibit. The firm of Souchu-Pinet, of Langeais (Indre-et-Loire), was almost the only one exhibiting, and their tools have a well-merited reputation. Presses, Materials for Vats, Cellars, etc.-If the Exposition was poor in vineyard tools, this was not the case as regards tools for wine-making and wine-preserving, for many manufacturers responded to the call and exhibited their goods, consisting of presses, pumps, vats, tuns, experimental vats, barrels, etc. At the entrance to the gallery specially devoted to such instruments was erected a formidable barrier of immense tuns, one of which had a capacity of 6,000 liters and was made by a firm at Nancy. On either side were exhibits of the celebrated manufacturers Noël, of Paris, and Mabille Brothers, of Amboise, the former noted for their water or wine. pumps, the latter for their wine presses. Not far from these a chai modèle was constructed, a certain number of specialists having united to present a typical plant of wine-making machinery such as is ordinarily in use. The wine, received in casks, is put directly into a cistern made of cement, whence a pump operated by a gas motor conveys it into an upper distributing reservoir of strong sheet iron lined with porcelain tiles. The wine then flows from the reservoir downward to a filter or to a Pasteurising apparatus, and is then again collected in casks. Such instructive model plants are worthy of imitation by dealers desirous of having well-prepared wines which are to be exposed for sale. Processes and Methods employed to combat Maladies of the Vine.As might have been expected, the portion of the exhibit devoted to these purposes was most complete. As far as the Phylloxera is concerned, the pal-Gastine, so often described and exhibited by the Société de l'Avenir Viticole of Marseilles, still maintains its superiority for the distribution of bisulphide of carbon. Of an entirely different conception were the mechanisms constructed by the Fafeur Brothers, of Carcassonne, and by M. Thirion, of Paris, for the distribution of bisulphide of carbon mixed with water. These machines have for several years been in use in the Médoc district and in the Department of Aude, in conjunction with the use of sulphocarbonate of potassium, for which steam pumps are also used. A large number of centrifugal pumps, to be worked by movable steam engines, show great adaptability for use in submersion, and were seen at work on the borders of the Seine. Spraying Apparatus, etc.—A special competition of spraying noz |