the speed of the churn at will from 30 to 55 revolutions per minute, without altering the speed of the horse power. By means of a small

FIG. 45.-Churn with system of cones. Simon & Sons, Cherbourg.

bent tube placed in the trunnion of the churn the interior gases may be allowed to escape, while samples of the cream or buttermilk may

be taken at any time without stopping the churn. A special lowlying horse-power is made for churns by this firm.

8. Buttermilk Separators.-But one of these machines was shown at the trial, that of Mr. Pilter. By means of this machine, when hand power alone is used, 4 to 5 kilos of butter may be completely freed from buttermilk in 5 minutes, and may even be sold without further manipulation. Another model, moved by steam engine, was also exhibited, but was not produced at the trial.

8. Butter-workers (Malaxeurs).-There was nothing of special novelty in the three rotary mixers with horizontal tables, which were exhibited.

M. A. Hubert, of Saumur, showed a revolving mixer (Fig. 46) moved by steam power, and especially designed for mixing hard with soft butters and producing a perfectly homogeneous mass.

FIG. 46.-Revolving butter-worker. A. Hubert, Saumur.

The "Albany butter-worker," made by Messrs. Bradford, is a compact but powerful machine, consisting of a fluted roller working in a galvanized iron frame, which also incloses both the horizontal and vertical friction rollers. MM. Simon & Sons displayed two mixers, one horizontal and one vertical. In the former (Fig. 47) the distance of the roller from the rotary table may be easily adjusted by a small handle; the roller always remains parallel to the table. In their vertical mixer (Fig. 48) salt may be perfectly combined with the butter or butters of different qualities may be mixed. These two machines are intended for use in large factories.

9. Butter Press. -Only one model was shown, that of Mr. Pilter. This press turns out 300 lumps of butter, each weighing 500 grams or less per hour.

10. Apparatus for Cheese-making.-M. L. Douillard, of Fontenayle-Comte (Vendée), exhibited an apparatus for boiling the milk used

!

n making hand cheeses. This consists of a vertical boiler of copper to heat the water, and of a cylinder of tinned copper with a false bottom of sheet iron, the exterior of which is protected by a wooden casing. There is also a stirrer inside the cylinder, and a hot-water pump. The milk being placed in the cylinder the hot water is pumped into the false bottom and the milk is boiled without the risk of burning; when the rennet is added the curd is broken up by means of the stirrer, and when the whole operation is finished the hot water may be returned by the pump to the boiler and be used over again.

FIG. 47.-Horizontal butter-worker. Simon & Sons, Cherbourg.

The London and Provincial Dairy Company exhibited cheese presses and the apparatus of Messrs. Pond & Son, of Blandford, England, especially designed for Cheddar cheeses.

11. Miscellaneous Apparatus.-M. Regnault Renaux exhibited milk pails of sheet iron made without seams, soldering, or rivets, and with all interior angles rounded, thus giving no place for milk to collect and cause trouble.

M. Drount showed an ingenious siphon consisting of a simple bent tube provided with a stopcock at one end and a valve at the other, so that when taken from the liquid it always remains full.

M. Souchu-Pinet, of Langeais, exhibited several forms of receptacles for fresh milk from which the milk may be separated from the cream by siphons. In the first of these the vessels, of strong tinued

iron, are placed one above the other in stages, and are provided with simple rubber tubes by way of siphons and spaces underneath for cold water. The second is of similar construction but without water spaces. The third consists of a wooden box containing a zinc basin for cold water into which the tinned iron vessels containing the milk are set.

The London and Provincial Dairy Company exhibited a milk hoist made by E. S. Hindley, of Bourton. By this cans arriving at the dairy may be raised to any desired height and the milk automatically poured into a receiver, thus saving time and labor. From the same inventor came also a centrifugal milk pump for raising skim milk after it has left the separator.

FIG. 48.-Vertical butter-worker. Simon & Sons, Cherbourg.

The Caison cheese press was also exhibited by Mr. Pilter. Its simple construction makes it a favorite in England.

The

The Lactocrite, an invention of M. de Laval, is an apparatus for the determination of the richness of a milk in fatty matters. milk is mixed with an equal volume of acetic acid, forming a nearly colorless liquid containing the casein in solution in the acid and the fatty matters in suspension. If this liquid be subjected to rapid centrifugal motion by means of the lactocrite the fatty matters are separated from the solution and may be collected and weighed or examined. A dozen samples of milk may thus be examined in half an hour.

APPLIANCES FOR AVICULTURE.

These were shown in great variety at the Exposition and consisted of incubators, foster-mothers, and other appliances for the hatching of eggs and rearing of young poultry of all sorts. There were also poultry houses, dove cots, cages, and other accessories, and finally an exhibit of apparatus for fattening poultry for the market.

Incubators.-The "Incomparable" incubator (Fig. 49) exhibited by M. Bouchereaux, of Choisy-le-Roi (Seine), was awarded a gold medal. It is provided with a thermo-siphon, electric thermometer

FIG. 49.-The "Incomparable" incubator, exhibited by M. Bouchereaux, of Choisy-le-Roi (Seine). indicator and extinguisher, and an apparatus for turning the eggs, while a drying chamber, foster mother, and park may be easily attached. It is made in three different sizes, for 54, 104, and 210 eggs, respectively, the price of the largest size being 316 francs ($63.20). No especially new principle, however, was shown among the incubators, but practical illustration was plentifully given, for from the very first day upon which the Exposition was opened a supply of H. Ex. 410-VOL V-17