There are, besides, thirteen lesser schools of agriculture, fifteen of dairy work, one forestry institute, one school for forest guards, and one of horticulture. The total subsidy of the Russian Government for technical schools of all sorts in Finland is about $152,000 annually.

SAN MARINO.

The college founded in 1691 possesses a professorship of agriculture. A large chart of the technology of practical agriculture was exhibited.

SERVIA.

There is an agricultural school at Kralievo to which thirty pupils are admitted yearly, the course occupying three years. The pupils are exercised in all the operations of farming, both in the field and as concerns cattle.

Agricultural study has also been made obligatory in the higher classes of village primary schools. This study includes the culture of fruit trees, apiculture, and occasionally the culture of the silk

worm.

SWEDEN.

Previously to 1870 Sweden used to import dairy products, but since that year she has exported them. This is due to efforts made by the Government to extend agricultural instruction in the country. There are two establishments for superior education of this sort, one at Upsala and one at Alnarp. There are also two intermediate schools for dairy work, principally for young women, and there are 16 dairy stations, each receiving two pupils, and each furnished with the most improved instruments. Besides these a nomad instructor in dairy management is attached to the agricultural society in each division of the country, the whole being under an instructor-general.

SWITZERLAND.

There are three practical agricultural schools, viz: at Strickhof, near Zurich, at Rütti, near Berne, and at Cernier, in the canton of Neuchâtel. These are all subsidized by the State, and all receive boarding pupils. At Strickhof there are generally about sixty pupils, the course occupying two years. At Rütti there are eighty pupils, and the course occupies two years, with a preparatory course of training for one year. The school at Cernier is of recent organization, and has but twenty-eight pupils, a number which it is thought unadvisable to increase while the course occupies two years.

The instruction given at these schools is essentially theoretical during the winter season and practical during the summer. Each school has a domain or farm attached to it, as also a tract of forest land, which are cultivated and cared for by the pupils. At Cernier

the instruction is theoretical and practical upon alternate days. The school at Rütti is provided with a chemical laboratory.

Instruction in agriculture and sylviculture is also given at the polytechnic institute at Zurich, and occupies from 2 to 3 years. Candidates for admission must be 18 years of age.

As to special schools, there is a prosperous school of horticulture at Geneva, and there are dairy schools at Lausanne and in the cantons of Berne, Freyburg, and St. Gallen. There are also two veterinary schools, one in the canton of Berne and one in that of Zurich. At these schools candidates must be 17 years of age, and must pass a special examination for entrance, which is provided for at the former school by preparatory instruction for six months. These schools have at their disposition a clinique ambulante for the study of equine and bovine diseases.

Since the statute of June, 1884, for the encouragement of agriculture went into force, winter courses of rural instruction have been organized at Lausanne, Zug, Sursee, and other places, and are found to be of great advantage. There are also temporary courses in arboriculture held at three different seasons of the year. The first course is held just after the close of the winter, when pruning and grafting are going on, the second during the summer, and the third at the time of the first harvest. In Switzerland a custom prevails of planting fruit trees along the public roads, and it has been found that in some cases the revenue from these trees is sufficient to keep the roads in repair.

The expenses of the cantonal schools in 1886, and the subsidies allowed them by the State, were as follows:

Nomadic Instruction.-M. de Ribeaucourt, in a paper read at the agricultural congress, pointed out that in several European countries gratuitous instruction is given in certain branches of rural

economy by itinerant teachers supported by the State. This has been particularly in vogue in Switzerland for the past twenty years. At first the cantonal authorities employed certain specialists to give lectures in localities where special instruction seemed to be necessary. These lectures proved to be of great popular interest, and were attended by all classes and by both sexes.

The cantonal authorities and agricultural societies, seeing the success of this movement, prevailed upon the national Government to allow it a state subsidy, which formed part of the general subsidy voted in 1884 for the general encouragement of agriculture.

The greatest success among these cantonal lectures was found to attend those upon apiculture after modern methods. Apicultural instruction has indeed made wonderful progress in Switzerland, and has also been successful in Austria, Germany, and Italy. The Swiss Apicultural Society, founded in 1861 by 93 bee-keepers from various cantons of German Switzerland, now numbers 600 members, and has 1,800 subscribers to its publications. Local and federal exhibitions of apiculture have also contributed to the development of the industry, but the greatest progress is admitted to have been derived from nomad instruction.

In French Switzerland apiculture has been included in the course of instruction given at Lausanne since 1875. An apicultural society was founded in the canton of Vaud in 1876, and has at present 300 regular members, with 11 branches comprising 500 more. Similar societies have been founded in the cantons of Geneva, Neuchâtel, Freyburg, and free public itinerant courses of instruction are everywhere given.

JAPAN.

Agricultural instruction is given in the Superior Normal School at Tokio, and in forty-six ordinary normal schools throughout the country. The expenses of the superior school are paid by the State, those of the others are covered by local taxes. A custom prevails of teaching agriculture, along with manual labor and military science, to young men alone, reserving domestic economy for female pupils exclusively. Agriculture also enters into ordinary secondary instruction and is soon to be introduced into superior secondary instruction.

SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC.

At Pretoria there is a government school of secondary instruction which includes agriculture among its higher branches.

AUSTRALIA.

Victoria.-An act for the establishment of agricultural colleges was passed in 1884. This act provides for the permanent reservation of 150,000 acres of crown lands for the endowment of such col

leges and experiment stations, and also for the appointment of a council of agricultural education consisting of eleven members.

The first school to be opened under this act was that at the Dookie experimental farm, October, 1886. About 5,000 acres are allotted to it, 15 of which are devoted to experimental culture. Instruction is given gratis, but a payment of £25 per annum must be made for each pupil to cover cost of maintenance. The course of instruction occupies from two to three years, and comprises chemistry, botany, entomology, geology, advanced English, arithmetic, mensuration, surveying, bookkeeping, practical farm work, field operations, the use of farm implements, and the management of live stock. In 1888 there were about forty pupils at the school, with many waiting for

vacancies.

A second school has been opened at Longeronong, and three more are projected. These five schools will be all affiliated to a central college where more advanced instruction will be given.

South Australia.-There is an agricultural college upon the government experimental farm at Roseworthy, about 30 miles from Adelaide. The students are divided into two categories, practical and scientific. The practical students work upon the farm and receive regular wages for their labor, while the scientific students pay an annual fee of £50 for tuition and maintenance.

BRAZIL.

Generally speaking, the development of agricultural institutions is directly proportionate to the need of them in any country, and consequently in inverse proportion to the fertility of the soil. Brazil, an extremely fertile country by nature, and one in which but slight cultivation is necessary, did not, until within a few years, feel the need of such institutions. In May, 1888, however, the last remaining slaves were freed, and this fact has given an impetus to agriculture. The holders of large estates, having been deprived of slave labor, are now obliged to pay for labor, and in order to reduce the additional expenses thus incurred they must have recourse to economic methods, and must profit by scientific instruction. Small cultivators, whose number is constantly increasing through immigration, are dependent upon such institutions for instruction in new methods of intensive cultivation. This has been well understood at the ministry of agriculture, and in 1888 the Government was solicited in favor of the creation of new agricultural establishments in addition to those already in existence. This solicitation was so successful that in 1889 a credit of 408 contos, or about $230,000, was voted for the creation of certain agronomic stations, and the impetus needed for agriculture was attained.

The most important agricultural schools in Brazil are the following:

The Agricultural Orphan Asylum has been in operation since June, 1868. In 1884 it was moved into a building especially constructed for its use at the farm of Macaco, about 2 kilometers from the botanical garden, with which it is connected by a narrow-guage railway.

This building, situated at a height of 60 meters (197 feet) above sea level, is completely furnished and has a large garden, stables, cattle houses, etc., connected with it. The school possesses a library of some 400 volumes, apparatus for the experimental crushing of sugar cane, the making of manioc flour, a cotton gin, and an establishment for the raising of silk worms, etc.

The maximum age at which pupils may be admitted has been fixed at 14 years, and they must be orphans and hardy enough to perform field work. They are cared for at the expense of the asylum and are even given a small salary. The instruction comprises ordinary primary instruction, including geography, mathematics, bookkeeping, and linear drawing, also practical agriculture, the use of farm implements, preparatory manipulation of the soil, the treatment of vegetables, practical study of fertilizers, care of domestic animals, etc. Higher instruction comprises studies upon the tissues of vegetables and upon their organs and functions, the art of grafting, gardening, drainage, and irrigation.

In 1889 the school contained 28 pupils, the limit being 40.

The school of San-Bento-de-Lages was created by the institute at Bahia in 1876, and occupies a large building formerly belonging to a Benedictine monastery at San Francisco, upon the Brazilian coast.

Two different degrees of instruction are given. The elementary course is for those pupils who intend to become farm overseers or foremen in the forestry service. The superior course is for those who are to become agronomists or engineers of agriculture, forestry, or veterinary science. The instruction in both courses is essentially practical, with a requisite amount of theory. There are four general divisions of the instruction into sylviculture, agricultural engineering, agronomy, and veterinary science. Upon graduation pupils receive either a degree as agricultural engineer or a simple certificate of proficiency, according as they have followed one or the other course. Particular attention is given to field work, which is performed upon large tracts of land connected with the school. There are also physical and chemical laboratories, anatomical, zoological and geological collections, and a library of over 2,000 volumes. The personnel is composed of a director, several professors, a secretary, and a treasurer. The school is open from February 15 to December 15, and is well patronized, though as yet its full limit of 100 boarding pupils has not been reached. The number of day pupils is unlimited.

The rural establishment at San Pedro d'Alcantara was founded