of barleys and they examine for Cuscuta and other injurious parasites, a small fee being demanded for all services. In certain cases, however, examinations are made without charge. The most important of these stations is that at Buda-Pesth, where 354 samples of wheat were examined in 1885, 850 in 1886, 1,138 in 1887, and 1,379 in 1888.

Stations for Trials of Machines.-There is but a single station of this sort in Hungary, and it is at the academy of Magyar-Ovar. Its object is to examine new agricultural machines as to their utility and mode of working and to publish the results of these investigations. Special examinations are also made at the request of the Government or of agricultural societies. Among the machines tested in 1888 were the Bradley cultivator, Schneider's potato-planter, the Berolina line-sower, various hydraulic rams, Halladay's wind-mill motor, etc. The station has also tried experiments upon the loss of grain in steam thrashing machines and has published divers articles upon these subjects in Hungarian or foreign journals.

Sericiculture.-In Hungary this industry is in the hands of the Government and there are no sericicultural stations which make researches for the general public, but the Government possesses at Szegszard a station where microscopic examinations for vébrine and experiments in silk-culture are carried on.

Viticulture.-There is no special viticultural station, researches in all matters pertaining to grape-culture being performed at the institutions already mentioned, which also make investigations in winemaking and in vegetable pathology.

In 1881 a station for researches upon the Grape Phylloxera was established in Hungary. At first only the Phylloxera was studied, but later on attention was also given to other insects and parasites injurious to cultivated crops. This station is directed by an entomologist with one assistant and has seventy-one correspondents in various countries. The total expense of the station is 9,500 florins ($4,750) annually.

Experiment Fields.-These are attached to each of the agronomic institutes and to all the primary agricultural schools, as well as the Phylloxera stations. Each of these institutions prepares an annual programme of experiments to be carried out, and executes it, a report being published in the yearly annals and by the ministry of agriculture.

The academy of Magyar-Ovar and the four institutes are also stations for the examination of fertilizers and for the analysis of soils, to which the public has access. In addition there is at Buda-Pesth a special station for agricultural examinations of all sorts, and there are chemical stations at Presburg and at Kolozvar. These stations perform analyses for farmers according to moderate fixed tariffs, and also afford them counsel as to the management of their crops. They

analyze Hungarian wines, combat fraud, and disseminate useful knowledge. In 1888 the chemical station at Buda-Pesth made 2,099 analyses.

The control of fertilizers and their commerce is not yet organized by legislation, but is practically in the hands of the cultivators through the instrumentality of the National Agricultural Society and the above chemical stations.

BELGIUM.

In 1885, by a decree by the minister of agriculture, experiment fields were instituted. These were placed under the direction of scientists employed by the State and under the patronage of the agricultural clubs, their plan and objects being regulated by the minister. An arrangement similar to that made in France is made between the state and the owner of the land upon which the field is situated. At first it was determined to have five such fields in each province, or fifty in all, but the farmers were so willing to offer their land that eighty-three were obtained during the first year.

LUXEMBURG.

Agricultural service in this country was regulated by law in 1883, and an agricultural engineer, with a superintendent and aid, were placed in charge; but in 1888, this force having been found insufficient, it was increased so that it now consists of one agricultural engineer, who is chief of service; one superintendent, with one deputy; one deputy chief of office: thirteen temporary technical employés, and four clerks.

The service has charge over everything concerning agriculture, its special departments being as follows: (1) Works of irrigation and sanitary improvement; (2) drainage; (3) care of unnavigable rivers; (4) construction of roads; (5) general improvements in agriculture; (6) enforcement of laws concerning the police of dwelling houses as far as regards the construction of cesspools; (7) plantations of fruit trees; (8) reports upon all agricultural matters.

The superficial area of the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg is 258,745 hectares (639,359 acres), of which over half is cultivated or used as pasture. There are 67,693 landowners, most of whom have holdings of from 10 to 20 hectares or even less, while only 720 hold more than 50 hectares each. In the greater part of the country the land is divided into very small lots, the average size of these being only 0.26 hectare (or 0.64 acre), and many of these lots stand in isolated positions difficult of approach.

A law was passed in December, 1883, to encourage the formation of syndicates for the carrying on of improvements such as irrigation, drainage, road building, and works of general agricultural utility.

Ordinary operations, such as the cleansing and improvement of water-courses are performed at the expense of those most benefited thereby, but in the case of more important operations half the expense is borne by the State.

Much of the meadow surface of the country is in need of improvement, having been either destroyed by drought or choked by stagnant water. The necessary work of irrigation or drainage is appreciated by the farmers, who themselves often take the initiative, the State agricultural service furnishing them necessary advice and the gratuitous aid of an expert. The average cost of such improvement is 250 francs per hectare, which is of course paid by the landowner. Since 1880 there have been 2,279 hectares thus irrigated and 225 hectares drained, the total cost having been 629,835 francs, of which 120,000 francs were furnished by subsidy.

The agricultural service is also especially called to direct the labors of regulating and cleansing (curage) water courses already existing. These labors are performed according to fixed plans submitted to the riparian owners, who are formed into syndicates. The expense for a stream 8 meters (264 feet) wide is 2,000 to 3,000 francs per kilometer, which is paid by those benefited in proportion to their interests, the State, however, often assuming half the expense or giving subsidies. Since 1880 there have been performed 485,949 meters of such work, at a cost of 1,160,084 francs, with subsidies to the amount of 364,850 francs.

Cesspools or cisterns for liquid manure are very generally constructed in Luxemburg and are utilized for the benefit of agriculture as well as for sanitary purposes. From 1881 to 1888 there were constructed 2,469 such cisterns, subsidies having been granted to the amount of 80,423 francs. To small cultivators having only one or two head of cattle the Government makes gratuitous distribution of portable cisterns of 500 to 600 liters capacity.

Fruit Trees.-The rigorous winter of 1879-'80 having destroyed the fruit trees and having occasioned thus a loss of about 6,800,000 francs, the State has offered annual subsidies for the encouragement of the planting of new trees. Since 1883 the number of trees planted was 180,452, and the subsidies accorded amounted to 71,000 francs.

The extreme division of soil (morcellement) in the Grand Duchy has necessitated the frequent building of roads or lanes to reach isolated fields. The State, therefore, in 1889 allowed a special subsidy of 30,000 francs for this purpose.

There are two large agricultural societies in the Grand Duchy, besides an agricultural school and station at Ettelbrück, founded in 1884. There are also local agronomic associations, the first of which was founded in 1875. These are formed by the farmers of the villages, who meet for mutual improvement and information in rural matters and to acquire and use in common new and improved instru

ments, to procure good fertilizers and seeds, etc. Several of these societies possess libraries, and they are all directed by intelligent men and receive government subsidies.

RUSSIA.

Prof. Dokoutchaïeff, of the University of St. Petersburg, together with his pupils, exhibited a collection of one hundred and nine samples of soil coming from all parts of the empire and representing 99 per cent of the total arable soil. All these samples were collected by the Professor himself, according to a fixed plan, and consisted exclusively of vegetable soils, mostly argillo-silicious, formed upon the steppes or the northern prairies, or in the forests. The collection was accompanied by charts and descriptive tables and also by copies. of works upon Russian soils.

SERVIA.

The Agricultural Society of Belgrade was founded in 1870. It publishes a journal, a calendar, and various works upon different branches of agriculture, and also serves as intermediary for the purchase of the best seed, or of instruments or machines. It has branches throughout the country.

The Prince Michael Society was founded in 1888 for the improvement of the breeds of horses. The state possesses a domain at Topchidère for the cultivation and transplanting of the best qualities of fruit trees and also for improving the breeds of cattle and sheep. There are also two State horse-breeding stations at which there are also nurseries for fruits trees; and there are also several stations primarily engaged in the introduction and study of American vines which resist the Phylloxera.

JAPAN.

The agricultural and forestry school at Tokio (formerly at Komaba) exhibited tables of its analyses of various soils, products, etc., making an exhibition similar to that which it made at Sydney in 1879 and at New Orleans in 1884.

VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA.

An experimental farm of about 4,800 acres has been established at Dookie, having been completed in 1878. In 1888 there were sown upon this farm 280 acres of wheat, together with lesser quantities of barley, oats, maize for ensilage, lucern, grasses and root crops, all for experimental purposes. The wheat comprised forty different varieties. Experiments were also made upon the prevention of smut. About 4 acres are planted with olive trees and yield about 100 gallons of oil yearly. In 1887 there were 1,616 gallons of wine yielded by

5 acres. Experiments are also tried with flax, hemp, sugar beet, maize, mangolds, sorghum, millet, chicory, and medicinal plants. The estimated value of live stock, implements, buildings, and produce upon this farm in 1887 was about £6,780 ($33,900).

BRAZIL.

The agricultural institute at Rio Janeiro was founded by Dom Pedro II, in November, 1860. Its object is to aid in the development of agriculture in several ways, as follows: (1) by facilitating the use of instruments and machines instead of manual labor; (2) by seeking the best system of colonization, either national or foreign; (3) by establishing stations for the trial of machines, or for the testing of systems of cultivation, methods of manufacture, improvement and preservation of products, and processes for the destruction of injurious insects, etc.; (4) by procuring the best seeds, plants, etc., and distributing them to cultivators; (5) by studying the improvement of live stock and the introduction of the best races; (6) by aiding the Government in perfecting means of transportation; (7) by organizing an annual exhibition of farm products; (8) by publishing a yearly statement of the agricultural statistics of the country, with a view to exhibiting the status of agriculture, and the permanent or temporary causes affecting the same; (9) by publishing a review intended to popularize good principles of rural economy; (10) by creating agricultural schools or by supporting professors of agriculture who should teach in other schools or in private institutions.

This institute is managed by a board of nine directors and a council of twenty-eight. In each large town there are commissions which study the agricultural needs of their districts, and organize the statistical service, reporting to the institute. The patrimony of the institute amounts to 349 contos, or over $200,000. Its publication, the Revista Agricola, is issued quarterly.

The institute has also established an agricultural asylum and a normal farm, all at Rio Janeiro, and directs a botanical garden subsidized by the state. The asylum was opened in 1868. (See Class 73 ter.) The normal farm contains about 10 acres, and makes experimental culture of such plants as are commonest among the farmers-sugar cane, cotton, tobacco, manioc, arrowroot, coffee, cocoa, vanilla, etc. Experiments are also made as to the acclimatization of ramie, jute, sorghum, the mulberry, tea, etc. The latest machinery is also tried and used.

The agricultural institute at Bahia was founded in November, 1859, and is similar to that at Rio. It has a patrimony of 96 contos, or about $55,000, and has also created a school at San Bento de Lages.