pitals. He went to the Netherlands in 1586, to From Lat. colonus, according to Junius; or loon, a hired servant; a Gaul, possessed before his time by the Romans, peasant; an ill bred CLOUT, n. s. & v. a. Sax. clut; Swed. And when she of this bill hath taken hede, His clothes all patched with more than honest thrift, The dull swain I've seen her skim the clouted cream, But with his clownish hands their tender wings Shakspeare. Marvell. Height with a certain grace does bend, The clowns, a boisterous, rude, ungoverned crew, Dryden. Young Silvia beats her breast, and cries aloud, Id. If the boy should not make legs very gracefully, a dancing master will cure that defect, and wipe off that plainness which the à-la-mode people call clownishness. With a grave look, in this odd equipage, Locke. Prior. In youth a coxcomb, and in age a clown. Spectator. A country squire, represented with no other vice but that of being a clown, and having the provincial Swift. accent. Touched by thy rod, from Power's majestic brow, An herb. CLOWN'S MUSTARD, n. s. CLOY, v. a. > Fr. clouer, from clou; CLOY'LESS, adj. Lat. clavis. To stop up, to CLOYMENT, n. s. fill at once, to spike guns, to drive a nail into the touch hole. Cloyment 18 repletion; cloyless is that of which too much cannot be had; that which cannot cause satiety. The length of those speeches had not cloyed Pyrocles, though he were very impatient of long deliberátions. Sidney. The very creed of Athanasius, and that sacred hymn of glory, are reckoned as superfluities, which we must in any case pare away, lest we cloy God with too much service. Who can cloy the hungry edge of appetite Hooker. Shakspeare. CLOYNE, a town of Ireland, in Cork, Munster, one mile from the sea-coast. A church was built in it, and a bishopric erected by St. Colman, in the end of the sixteenth century; and in 707 an abbey was founded. In 1430 the bishopric was united to that of Cork; and the union continued till the 11th of November 1638; since which time this see has been governed by its own prelates. The cathedral is a decent Gothic building. Cloyne lies ten miles west of Yougball, and 125 south-west of Dublin. CLUB, n. s. heavy stick, a mace, a staff intended for offence. Club-headed is a thick, clumsy, oaken sort of head, like the ponderous end of a club. Club-law is the law of force, a suit of cards marked with a club, or rather with a clover leaf, bears this name. Whan I bete my knaves, She bringeth me the great clolbed staves, Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. Next Hercules his like ensample shewed, Who all the west with equal conquest wonne, And monstrous tyrants with his club subdewed, The club of justice dread, with kingly power endewed. Spenser. He strove his combred club to quit Out of the earth. Id. Faerie Queene. They are in the very wrath of love, and they will together, clubs cannot part them. Shakspeare. As he pulled off his helmet, a butcher slew him with the stroke of a club. Small club-headed anterinæ. Hayward. Derham. Armed with a knotty club another came. Dryden. The enemies of our happy establishment seem to have recourse to the laudable method of clublaw, when they find all other means for enforcing the absurdity of their own opinions to be ineffectual. Addison's Freeholder. The clubs black tyrant first her victim died, Spite of his haughty mein and barbarous pride. I shall reserve for another time the history of such club or clubs, of which I am now a talkative, but unworthy member. Spectator. These ladies resolved to give the pictures of their deceased husbands to the club-room. Addison's Spectator. Plumbs and directors, Shylock and his wife, life. your Pope. Will club their testers now to take CLUCK, v. n. Welsh, cloccian; Armorick, clochat; Sax. cloccan; Dutch, klocken. To call chickens, as a hen. She, poor hen, fond of no second brood, Has clucked thee to the wars. Shakspeare's Coriolanus. Ducklings, though hatched by a hen, if she brings them to a river, in they go, though the hen clucks and calls to keep them out. Ray on the Creation. CLUE, the lower corner of a sail. CLUE GARNETS, a sort of tackles fastened to the clues, or lower corners of the main sail or fore sail, to truss them up to the yard, which is usually termed cluing up the sails. CLUE LINES are for the same purpose as clue garnets, only that the latter are confined to the courses, whereas the former are common to all the square sails. CLUMP, n. s. formed from lump, a shapeless piece of wood or other matter, nearly equal in its dimensions. A cluster of trees; a tuft of trees or shrubs: anciently a plump. CLUMP3, n. s. a numskull." This word omitted in the other etymoloCLUMSINESS, n.s. gists, is rightly derived by Bailey from Dutch, lompsch, stupid. In English, lump, clump, lumpish, clumpish, clumpishly, clumsily, clumsy. Awkward; heavy; artless; unhandy; without dexterity, readiness, or grace. It is used either of persons, or actions, or things. This lofty humour is clumsily and inartificially managed, when affected. Collier on Pride. Id. on Fame. The matter ductile and sequacious, apt to be moulded into such shapes and machines, even by clumsy fingers. He walks very clumsily and ridiculously. Ray. The drudging part of life is chiefly owing to clumPope. siness and ignorance, which either wants proper tools, CLUB, n. s., v. n. & v.a. klubb; Belgic kloof: Goth. kluff; Swed. or skill to use them. CLUB ROOM, n. s. Teut. klub; Teut. clurben, kloeben. A portion or apportioning, a division, a society paying equally. An assembly, meeting under certain conditions; a voluntary association generally for purposes of conviviality; sometimes for mutual benefit, by contributing each to the common stock; concurrence, contribution, joint charge; to contribute separate powers to one end; to pay to a common reckoning. Club-room needs no explanation. Id. on the Creation. But thou in clumsy verse, unlicked, unpointed, Hast shamefully defy'd. Dryden. Swift. That clumsy outside of a porter, How could it thus conceal a courtier? CLUNG. The preterite and participle of cling. ness; CLUNG, adj. Sax. clungu, wasted with leanwith cold. shrunk up CLUNG, v. n. Sax. clungan, to dry as wood does, when it is laid up after it is cut. See To CLING. CLUNIA, in ancient geography, a principal town of Hither Spain, a Roman colony, with a conventus juridicus, on the Durius, to the west of Numantia, now called Corunnadel Conde. CLUNIE, a beautiful lake in Perthshire, with an island in the centre, in which stands an ancient castle, built about A. D. 1500, by George, bishop of Dunkeld, and now a summer residence of the family of Airly. Its walls are nine feet thick at the surface of the ground. CLUNY, a town of France, in the department of Saone and Loire, and ci-devant province of Maçonnois, seated on the Grone. Before the revolution, it was famous for its Benedictine abbey, founded by William duke of Berry and Aquitain; or, as others say, by the abbot Bern, supported by that duke, A.D. 910. This abbey was so very spacious and magnificent, that in 1245, after holding the first council of Lyons, Pope Innocent IV. went to Cluny, accompanied with the two patriarchs of Antioch and Constantinople, twelve cardinals, three archbishops, fifteen bishops, and a great number of abbots; who were all entertained, without one of the monks being put out of their places: though St. Lewis the king, queen Blanche his mother, the duke of Artois, and his sister, the emperor of Constantinople, the princes of Arragon and a great number of lords, with all their retinues, were there at the same time. Cluny at its first erection, was put under the immediate protection of the apostolic see. It became the head of a very numerous and extensive congregation; and was the first congregation of various monasteries united under one chief; so as only to constitute one body, or, as they call it, one order. This order of monks was brought into England by William earl of Warren, son-in-law to William the Conqueror, who built a house for them at Lewes in Sussex, about the year 1077. There were twenty-seven priories and cells of this order in England, which were governed by foreigners, afterwards made denizens. Cluny lies ten miles north-west of Maçon, and forty-six N. N.W. of Lyons. Popu lation 4200. CLUPEA, the herring, in ichthuology, a genus belonging to the order of abdominales. The upper jaw is furnished with a serrated mystache; the branchiostege membrane has eight rays; a scaly serrated line runs along the belly from the head to the tail; and the belly-fins have frequently nine rays. There are fifteen species; the most noted are, jaw longer than the under one, and is about three inches long. They are taken in vast quantities in the Mediterranean, and are brought over to Britain pickled. The great fishery is at Georgia, a small isle west of Leghorn. See FISHERY. 1. C. alosa, the shad, has a forked snout, and black spots on the sides. In Great Britain the Severn affords this fish in higher perfection than any other river. It makes its first appearance there in May, but in very warm seasons in April; for its arrival sooner or later depends much on the temper of the air. It continues in the river about two months, and then is succeeded by the variety called the twaite. The old fish come from the sea into the river in full roe. In July and August multitudes of bleak frequent the river near Gloucester; some of them are as big as a small herring, and these the fishermen suppose to be the fry of the shad. Numbers of these are taken near Gloucester, in those months only, but none of the emaciated shad are ever caught in their return. The Thames shad does not frequent that river till the end of May or beginning of June, and is esteemed a very coarse and insipid fish. 2. C. encrasicolus, the anchovy, has its upper 3. C. herengus, the common herring, has no spots, and the under jaw is longer than the upper one. A herring dies immediately after it is taken out of the water; whence the proverb, As dead as a herring. This fish is everywhere in great esteem, being rich, soft and delicate. Herrings are found from the highest northern latitudes, as low as the northern coast of France. They are met with in vast shoals on the coast of America, as low as Carolina. In Chesapeake Bay there is an annual inundation of these fish, which cover the shore in such quantities as to become a nuisance. We find them again in the seas of Kamtschatka, and probably they reach Japan; Kempser mentions, in his account of the fish of that country, some that are congenerous. The great winter rendezvous of the herring is within the arctic circle: there they continue for many months to recruit themselves after the fatigue of spawning; the seas within that space swarming with insect food in a far greater degree than those of our warmer latitudes. This mighty army begins to put itself in motion in the spring: we distinguish this vast body by that name; for the word herring comes from the German heer, an army, to express their numbers. They begin to appear off the Shetland Isles in April and May; these are only the forerunners of the grand shoal which comes in June; and their appearance is marked by certain signs, by the number of birds, such as gannets and others, which follow to prey on them; but when the main body approaches, its breadth and depth is such as to alter the ap-. pearance of the very ocean. It is divided into distinct columns of five or six miles in length, and three or four in breadth, and they drive the water before them with a kind of rippling. The first check this army meets in its march southward is from the Shetland Isles, which divide it into two parts; one wing takes to the east, the other to the western shores of Great Britain, and fill every bay and creek with their numbers; others pass on towards Yarmouth, the great and ancient mart of herrings; they then pass through the British Channel, and after that in a manner disappear. Those which take towards the west, after passing the Hebrides, where the great stationary fishery is, proceed to the north of Ireland, where they meet with a second interruption, and are obliged to make a second division: the one takes to the western side, and is scarce perceived, being soon lost in the immensity of the Atlantic; but the other, which passes into the Irish sea, feeds the inhabitants of most of the coasts that border on it. These migrations are made in order to deposit their spawn in warmer seas, which mature and vivify it more certainly than those of the frozen zone. defect of food that they set themselves in motion, It is not from for they come to us full of fat, and, on their return, are almost universally observed to be lean and miserable. What their food is near the Pole we are not yet informed: but in our seas they feed much on the oniscus marinus, a crustaceous insect, and sometimes on their own fry. The young herrings begin to approach the shores in July and August, and are then from half an inch to two inches long; those in Yorkshire are called herring file. Some of the old herrings continue on our coasts the whole year: the Scarborough fishermen never put down their nets but they eatch a few, but the number that remain are not worth comparison with those that return. See FISHERIES. The Dutch are most extravagantly fond of these fish when pickled. A premium is given to the first buss that arrives in Holland with a lading of this their ambrosia, and a vast price given for each keg. Flanders had the honor of inventing the art of pickling herrings. One William Beauklen of Biverlet, near Sluys, hit on this useful expedient; from him was derived the name pickle, which we borrow from the Dutch and German. 4. C. sprattus has thirteen rays in the back fin. It is a native of the European seas, and has a great resemblance to the herring, only it is of a less size. They come into the river Thames below bridge in the beginning of November, and leave it in March; and are, during that season, a great relief to the poor of the capital. At Gravesend, and at Yarmouth, they are cured like red herrings: they are sometimes pickled. 5. C. pilcardus, the pilchard. Nose turned up; dorsal in the centre of gravity; scales firm. Appears periodically in vast shoals, on the CorBisa coast, about July; body thicker and rounder than the herring; smaller; the back more elevated, and the belly not so sharp nor so serrate; is more full of oil. CLUSIA, the balsam tree, a genus of the monogynia order and polygamia class of plants: CAL tetraphyllous or hexaphyllous, leaflet opposite and imbricated: cOR. tetrapetalous or hexapetalous: the STAM. numerous. Nectarium of antheræ or glandules coalited, including the germen. The capsule is quinquelocular, quinquevalved, and full of pulp. There are six species, all natives of America. The most remarkable is the C. flava. It is pretty common in the British American islands, where the trees grow to the height of twenty feet, and shoot out many branches on every side, furnished with thick, round, succulent leaves, placed opposite. The flowers are produced at the ends of the branches, each having a thick succulent cover. They are succeeded by oval fruit. From every part of these trees there exudes a kind of turpentime, which is called in the West Indies hog gum; because they say, that, when any of the wild hogs are wounded, they repair to these trees and rub their wounded parts against the stem till they have anointed themselves with this turpentine, which heals all wounds. The plants are very tender, and, in this country, must be kept constantly in a stove and sparingly watered, especially in winter; for they naturally grow in those parts of the islands where it seldom rains, and consequently cannot bear much moisture. They may be propagated from cuttings, which must be laid to dry for a fortnight or three weeks, that the wounded parts may be healed over, otherwise they will rot. The best time for planting their cuttings is in July that they may be well rooted before the cold weather comes on in autumn. CLUSINA PALUS, in ancient geography, a lake of Tuscany, extending north-west between Clusium and Arretium, and communicating with the Arnus and Clanis. It is now called Chiana Palude. CLUSINI FONTES, baths in Tuscany, in the territory of Clusium, between Clusium on the north and Acula on the south, eight miles from each; now called Bagni di S. Casciana. CLUSIUM, or CAMARS, in ancient geography, a town of Tuscany, at the south end of the Palus Clusina, where it forms the Clanis; the royal residence of Porsenna, three days' journey north from Rome. It is now called Chiusi. CLUSIUM NOVUM, in ancient geography, a town of Tuscany, near the springs of the Tiber, in the territory of Arretium, where lies the Ager Clusinus; now called Casentino. CLUSTER, n. s. v. n. & v. a. Į Sax. clýrren, CLU'STERY, adj. Dutch, klister. A bunch; a number of things of the same kind, growing or joined together, as grapes on the vine; any number of creatures adhering together, as bees before they hive; applied to numbers congregated, whether stars or human beings. The idea is union and connexion, by whatever attraction, of multitudes, constituting a body. To cluster, therefore, is to grow, or to collect together; to congregate. Grapes will continue fresh and moist all winter, if you hang them cluster by cluster in the roof of a warm room. Bacon. His armour green might seem a fruitful vine; The clusters prisoned in the close-set leaves; Yet oft between the bloody grape did shine, And peeping forth, his jailer's spite deceives. Fletcher's Purple Island. so as to seize and hold fast. The plural substan- The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee. Not that I have the power to clutch my hand, When his fair angels would salute my palm. They Id. King John. Like moles within us, heave and cast about; Herbert. It was the hard fortune of a cock to fall into the clutches of a cat. L'Estrange. A man may set the poles together in his head, and clutch the whole globe at one intellectual grasp. Collier on Thought. Your greedy slavering to devour, Before 'twas in your clutches power. Set up the covenant on crutches, Hudibras. 'Gainst those who have us in their clutches. Id. I must have great leisure, and little care of myself, if I ever more come near the clutches of such a giant. Stillingfleet. When suddenly (for such the will of Jove) and weak! CLUTIA, in botany, a genus of the gynandria order and diœcia class of plants; natural order thirty-eighth, tricocca: male CAL. pentaphyllous: COR. pentapetalous: STYLES three: CAPS. trilocular, with a single seed. There are ten species, all natives of warm climates. They are ever-green shrubby plants, rising six or eight feet, garnished with simple leaves and greenishwhite quinquepetalous flowers. They are propagated by cuttings in spring or summer, planting them in pots of light earth, plunged in hot-heds. The plants must always be kept in a stove. The chief is C. eleatheria. Dr. Wright, in his account of the medicinal plants of Jamaica, says that this species is the same as the cascarilla and eleatheria of the shops. Other medical writers have supposed them to be distinct barks, and they are sold in the shops as different productions. Linnæus's croton cascarilla, Dr. Wright observes, is the wild rosemary shrub of Jamaica, the bark of which has none of the sensible qualities of the cascarilla. CLUVIER, or CLUVERIUS (Philip), a cele brated geographer, born at Dantzic in 1589. He travelled into Poland, Germany, and the Netherlands, to study law; but being at Leyden, Joseph Scaliger persuaded him to cultivate his taste for geography. Cluvier followed his advice, and for this purpose visited the greatest part of the European states. He was well versed in many languages: and wherever he went obtained illustrious friends and protectors. At his return to Leyden he taught with great applause; and died in 1623, aged forty-three. He wrote 1. De tribus Rheni Alveis; 2. Germania Antiqua; 3. Sicilia Antiqua; 4. Italia Antiqua; 5. Introductio in Universam Geographiam. The first was written at Oxford. CLWYD, a beautiful valley of North Wales, in Denbighshire, enclosed by high mountains, through which there are numerous gaps, and extending from the sea inwards above twenty miles, and varying in breadth from five miles to eight. This delightful vale is in high cultivation, even far up the sides of the hills; and is full of towns, villages, and gentlemen's seats. The climate is excellent, and the natives retain their vivacity to a very late period of life. CLWYD, a river of North Wales, which rises in the middle of Denbighshire, runs through the vale of the same name, takes a compass to the southeast, then turns north-west, and, having entered Flintshire, falls into the Irish Sea. CLYDE, a river in Scotland, which rises in Annandale, and running north-west through Clydesdale, by Lanark, Hamilton and Glasgow, falls into the sea a few miles below Greenock, over against the Isle of Bute. Next to the Tay, it is the largest river in Scotland; and is navigable for small craft up to Glasgow. The canal, which joins the Forth, falls into it a little below that city. The cataract called the Falls of the Clyde, opposite to Lanark, is a great natural curiosity, and the grandest scene of the kind in Great Britain. This tremendous sheet of water, for about a mile, falls from rock to rock. At Stonebyers the first fall is about sixty feet; the last, at Corra Lynn, is over solid rock, not less then 100 feet high. At both these places the great body of water exhibits a grander and more interesting spectacle than imagination can conceive. 'This great body of water,' says a traveller, 'rushing with horrid fury, seems to threaten destruction to the solid rocks. The horrid and incessant din, with which this is accompanied, unnerves and overcomes the heart. At the distance of about a mile from this place you see a thick mist, like smoke, ascending to heaven, over the stately woods. As you advance you hear a sullen noise, which soon after almost stuns your Doubling as you proceed towards a tuft of wood, you are struck at once with the awful scene which suddenly bursts upon your astonished sight. Your organs of perception are hurried along, and partake of the turbulence of the roaring water. The powers of recollection remain suspended by this sudden shock; and it is not till after a considerable time, that you are enabled to contemplate the sublime horrors of this majestic scene.' The water-fall at Corehouse Swift. called Corra Lynn, is no less remarkable. The CLUTTER, n. s. & v. n. See CLATTER. A noise; a bustle; a busy tumult; a hurry; a clamor. A low word. He saw what a clutter there was with huge, overgrown pots, pans, and spits. L'Estrange. The favourite child, that just begins to prattle, Prithee, Tim, why all this clutter? King. ears. |