Argument for Defendant in Error.

200 U.S.

As a general rule the tendency of the decisions of this court upon analogous questions is to sustain the exemption of all Federal obligations from municipal taxation. McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 314; Howard Sav. Inst. v. Newark, 44 Atl. Rep. 654; Society of Savings v. Coite, 6 Wall. 594; New York v. Connolly, 7 Wall. 16; Osborn v. Bank of U. S., 9 Wheat. 738; Bank of Commerce v. New York, 2 Black, 620; New Jersey v. Wilson, 7 Cranch, 164. And as to treasury notes see People ex rel. v. Supervisors, 7 Wall. 26, which was decided prior to the act of Congress of 1894, subjecting such notes to the taxing power of the States. 2 Supp. Rev. Stat. 236.

Mr. Percy V. Long and Mr. William I. Brobeck for defendant in error:

The decision of this cause reduces itself to a determining whether the tax imposed upon the checks issued by the United States Treasurer in payment of interest due upon United States bonds did impede, retard, burden, or in any manner control the operations of the Federal Government in the exercise of its constitutional power to borrow money or otherwise employ the National credit. If this question can be answered in the negative, the judgment must stand.

The checks have been issued, payable in præsenti and drawn against unappropriated revenues which were at the time of issue and must always be sufficient to meet such drafts. Under such conditions the check constitutes payment in and of itself. It is equivalent to cash. People v. Stockton and Visalia R. R., 45 California, 306; Matter of Staten Island &c. R. R. Co., 37 Hun, 422; S. C., 101 N. Y. 636; S. C., 38 Hun, 382; Metropolitan Bank v. Sirret, 97 N. Y. 320; Wells v. Brigham, 6 Cush. (Mass.) 6; Cruger v. Armstrong, 3 Johns. Cas. (N. Y.) 5; Nords v. Schroeder, 4 Harris and J. (Md.) 276; Wis. Cent. R. R. Co. v. Price, 133 U. S. 496.

One who has the right to property, and is not excluded from its enjoyment, shall not be permitted to use the legal title of the Government to avoid his just share of taxation. Northern

Pacific R. R. v. Patterson, 154 U. S. 139; Mitchell v. Commissioners, 91 U. S. 206; Shotwell v. Moore, 129 U. S. 590, 596. And see Bank v. Commonwealth, 9 Wall. 353.

MR. JUSTICE BROWN, after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.

This case involves the question whether the two checks or orders upon which the tax was imposed are exempt from state taxation under Rev. Stat. § 3701, declaring that "all stocks, bonds, treasury notes, and other obligations of the United States, shall be exempt from taxation by or under state or municipal or local authority." The basis of this exemption is the fact that a tax upon the obligations of the United States is virtually a tax upon the credit of the Government, and upon its power to raise money for the purpose of carrying on its civil and military operations. The efficiency of the Government service cannot be impaired by a taxation of the agencies which it employs for such service, and, as one of the most valuable and best known of these agencies is the borrowing of money, a tax which diminishes in the slightest degree the value of the obligations issued by the Government for that purpose impairs pro tanto their market value.

The inability of the States to tax the official agencies of the Federal Government, whether in the form of banks chartered under its authority, or of obligations issued by it as a means of providing a revenue, or for the payment of its debts, was applied in McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316, to a stamp tax upon notes of the United States Bank; in Weston v. Charleston, 2 Pet. 449, and in Bank of Commerce v. New York, 2 Black, 620, to stock issued for loans made to the Government of the United States; and in the Bank Tax Case, 2 Wall. 200, to a tax laid on banks on a valuation equal to the amount of their capital stock, when their property consisted of stocks of the Federal Government; in The Banks v. The Mayor, 7 Wall. 16, to certificates of indebtedness of the United States issued to

the creditors of the Goverment for supplies furnished in carrying on the Civil War; in Bank v. Supervisors, 7 Wall. 26, to notes of the United States intended to circulate as money; and in Van Brocklin v. Tennessee, 117 U. S. 151, to land purchased by the United States for the amount of a direct tax laid thereon.

The principle, however, upon which this exemption is claimed does not apply to obligations, such as checks and warrants intended for immediate use, and designed merely to stand in the place of money, until presented at the Treasury and the money actually drawn thereon. In such case the tax is virtually a tax upon the money which may be drawn immediately upon presentation of the checks. As was said by Mr. Justice Miller in National Bank v. Commonwealth, 9 Wall. 353, 362: "That limitation (upon the power to tax) is, that the agencies of the Federal Government are only exempted from state legislation, so far as that legislation may interfere with, or impair, their efficiency in performing the functions by which they are designed to serve that Government."

In Railroad Company v. Peniston, 18 Wall. 5, it was insisted by the plaintiff in error that the property of the Union Pacific Railroad Company was exempted from state taxation by virtue of the incorporation of the company by the United States, as a means for the performance of certain public duties of the Government enjoined and authorized by the Constitution. It was said, however, by Mr. Justice Strong, in delivering the opinion of the court, that no constitutional implications prohibited a state tax upon the property of an agent of the Government merely because it is the property of such agent, but "that the agencies of the Federal Government are uncontrollable by state legislation, so far as it may interfere with, or impair their efficiency in performing the functions by which they are designed to serve that Government.

"It is, therefore, manifest that the exemption of Federal agencies from state taxation is dependent, not upon the nature of the agents, or upon the mode of their constitution, or upon

the fact that they are agents, but upon the effect of the tax; that is, upon the question whether the tax does in truth deprive them of power to serve the Government as they were intended to serve it, or does hinder the efficient exercise of their power. A tax upon their property has no such necessary effect. It leaves them free to discharge the duties they have undertaken to perform. A tax upon their operations is a direct obstruction to the exercise of Federal powers."

Had the Government, in the absence of money for the immediate payment of interest upon its bonds, issued new obligations for the payment of this interest at a future day, it might well be claimed that these were not taxable, as the taxation of such notes would, to the extent of the tax, impair their value and negotiability in the hands of the holder. This was practically the case in The Banks v. The Mayor, 7 Wall. 16, where certificates were issued at a time when the Government had no money to pay its obligations, and made use of its credit to obtain further time. But where checks are issued payable immediately they merely stand in the place of coin, which may be immediately drawn thereon. As observed by the court below, the checks were for all practical purposes the money itself. People v. Stockton &c. R. R. Co., 45 California, 306, 313; Metropolitan National Bank v. Sirret, 97 N. Y. 320, 325; Matter of Staten Island R. R. Co., 38 Hun, 381; S. C., 101 N. Y. 636. A check may be given in evidence under the money counts. Wells v. Brigham, 6 Cush. 6; Cruger v. Armstrong, 3 Johns. Cas. 5.

While Congress has not amended Rev. Stat. § 3701, upon which plaintiff relies in this case, it did by act approved August 13, 1894, 28 Stat. 278, declare "That circulating notes of national banking associations and United States legal tender notes and other notes and certificates of the United States payable on demand and circulating or intended to circulate as currency, shall be subject to (state) taxation as money or hand or on deposit."

Although the cheeks in question were not intended to eircu

late as money, and therefore do not fall within the letter of the statute, the reasons that apply to that class of obligations we think apply with equal force to checks intended for immediate payment, though not intended to circulate as money. While the checks are obligations of the United States and within the letter of § 3701, they are not within its spirit, and are proper subjects of taxation.

Had the plaintiff drawn the money upon them immediately, it would have become at once a part of the general property of the bank, and the fact that the money had been derived from the United States and paid to the bank as interest on its obligations would not have prevented its becoming part of the general property of the bank, and subject to state taxation.

Affirmed.

MARTIN v. TEXAS.

ERROR TO THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF THE STATE OF

TEXAS.

No. 170. Submitted January 25, 1906.—Decided February 19, 1906.

While an accused person of African descent on trial in a state court is entitled under the Constitution of the United States to demand that in organizing the grand jury, and empanelling the petit jury, there shall be no exclusion of his race on account of race and color, such discrimination cannot be established by merely proving that no one of his race was on either of the juries; and motions to quash, based on alleged discriminations of that nature, must be supported by evidence introduced or by an actual offer of proof in regard thereto. Smith v. Mississippi, 162 U. S. 592, 600, followed.

An accused person cannot of right demand a mixed jury some of which shall be of his race, nor is a jury of that kind guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to any race.

THE facts are stated in the opinion.