GRANADA-GRANBY.

greatest length from north-east to south-west was about 210 miles, and its greatest breadth about 80 Lutter It is now divided into the three modern provinces of Granada, Almeria, and Malaga, the united areas of which amount to 11,063 square miles, and the united population, in 1857, to 1,211,699. The surface of this ancient province is mountainous and picturesque in a high degree. The mountain-ranges the chief of which are the Sierra Nevada, the Sierra de Ronda, and the Alpujarras-as a general rule, run parallel with the coast. The principal rivers are the Almanzora, Almeria, Jenil, Guadalhorce, and Guadiaro, all of which, save the Jenil, an affluent of the Guadalquiver, flow into the MediterThe province of G. is, on the whole, fruitful and highly cultivated. The mountains are rich in silver, copper, lead, and iron; and many of the inhabitants are engaged in mining and smelting. Saline and mineral springs abound.

ranean.

In the time of the Romans, G. was a portion of the province of Boetica; but after the Arab invasion it formed an independent Moorish kingdom. For a time it was exceedingly wealthy, having developed great agricultural and commercial resources. From the year 1248 the Moorish kings of G. were obliged to recognise the supremacy of the kings of Castile, A quarrel, however, which arose between the vassal king of G. and Ferdinand and Isabella in the 15th c., resulted in a war of eleven years' duration, the consequence of which was the complete conquest of G. by the Spaniards in 1492, and the total destruction of Moorish authority in Spain.

GRANA'DA (Spanish, Granata, Arab. Garnathah, said to be a corruption of Karnáttah, the ancient fortress of Phoenician origin), a famous city of Spain, formerly capital of the kingdom of Granada, and now chief town of the modern province of the same name, is built on a northern branch of the Sierra Nevada, at an elevation of 2445 feet above sea-level, in lat. 37° 15' N., long 3° 45′ W., and is about 140 miles east-south-east of Seville. It stands on the right bank of the Jenil, overlooking the fertile and extensive Vega or plain of G., and is watered also by the Darro, about a mile below the town. Though now sadly a rapid mountain-stream, which joins the Jenil decayed, it is still one of the greatest towns of Spain, is the seat of an archbishop, and has a university, attended, it is said, by about 800 students, One of the two hills on which the town is mainly built is surmounted by the Alhambra (q. v.); the other hill is occupied by the suburb called the Albayzin, the oldest part of the town, and now inhabited almost entirely by gipsies. The city of G. proper, namely, that portion of it that contains the Alhambra, is surrounded by high but ruinous walls, and by strong towers. The streets are narrow, crooked, and uneven; the houses, which for the most part are well built, are heavy and gloomy in outward appearance, having the flat roofs and projecting balconies of the Moorish style of architecture; the interiors, however, are convenient and suitable to the climate. G. has several charming public squares. The cathedral, a splendid structure, profusely decorated with jaspers and coloured marbles, and having a high-altar placed under a dome, supported by 22 pillars, contains the monuments of Ferdinand and Isabella, and of Philip I. and his consort Juana. The industry and trade of the town are quite inconsiderable. Pop. 63,431.

The modern city of G. was founded by the Moors in the 8th c., and for some time remained subject to the califs of Cordova; but in 1235 it became capital of the kingdom of Granada, and rapidly rose to distinction as a wealthy trading city and as the seat of arts and architecture. Under the Moors, it

attained the highest pitch of its prosperity. Toward the close of the 15th c., it is said to have had 400,000 inhabitants, and to have been surrounded by a wall fortified with 1030 towers. The Vega of G., in front of the city, was celebrated for two hundred years as the scene of contest between the Moors and the chivalry of Christendom-a contest which was brought to a termination only by the capture and complete subjection of G. by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492, after a siege of twelve months. GRANADA, a city of Nicaragua in Central America, stands on the north-west side of the lake which bears the name of the state. In 1854, including the suburbs and municipality of Jaltava, it had a population of from 12,000 to 15,000, contained seven churches, an hospital, and nominally a university, and was the thriving seat of many commercial establishments. It suffered greatly, however, from the civil war that broke out in the

republic during that year, and was under siege from May 1854 to February 1855; but was bravely and successfully defended by Don Fruto Chamorro, the leader of the conservative party. In 1856, Chamorro having in the meantime died, G. was surprised and taken by the democrats, but was retaken and almost wholly destroyed in the following year. After the conclusion of peace, efforts were made toward the restoration of the city. It has not yet, however, regained its former prosperity and importance.

GRANADI'LLA, the edible fruit of certain species of Passion-flower (q. v.). The name, originally bestowed by Spanish settlers in the West Indies and warm parts of America, is a diminutive of granada, a pomegranate. The COMMON G. over these regions, and much cultivated. The plant (Passiflora quadrangularis) is extensively diffused is a luxuriant and very ornamental climber, often employed to form arbours and covered walks; it has large, beautiful, and fragrant flowers; oblong fruit, often six inches in diameter, of an agreeable fragrance, and a sweet and slightly acid pulp, very gratefully cooling. It is often eaten with wine and Jamaica, where it forms a principal part of the food sugar. The APPLE-FRUITED G., or SWEET CALABASH (P. maliformis), is plentiful in the woods of

of wild swine.

fruit, about two inches in diameter, its pulp gelaIt is, however, a very agreeable tinous, the rind so hard as to be sometimes made into snuff-boxes and toys. The LAUREL-LEAVED G. (P. laurifolia), sometimes called water-lemon in the West Indies, is a fruit about the size of a hen's egg; the plant has red and violet fragrant flowers, and very long tendrils. The fruit has a whitish pulp, so watery, that it is usually sucked through a hole in the rind; it has a delicious flavour, and a slight acidity. It is much cultivated.-Several in Britain. In the south of Europe, they grow in kinds of G. are occasionally cultivated in hothouses

the open

air.

GRANARY WEEVIL, another name of the CORN WEEVIL (q. v.).

GRANBY, JOHN MANNERS, MARQUIS OF, an English general, the eldest son of the third Duke of Rutland, was born January 2, 1721. Educated at Eton and Cambridge, he was at an early age elected M.P. for Grantham. In the rebellion of 1745, he raised a regiment of infantry, and accompanied the Duke of Cumberland into Scotland. Appointed colonel of the Horse Guards in 1755, in February 1759, he received the rank of lieutenantgeneral, and soon after was sent to Germany, as second in command, under Lord George Sackville, of the British troops, co-operating with the king of Prussia. After the battle of Minden, for

GRAND-GRAND JURY.

GRAND MASTER-GRAND RIVER.

competent to swear a new jury. It frequently happens at assizes that, an offence having been committed before the grand jury have been discharged, a bill is immediately sent before them, on which they make their return; so that the case is disposed of in a few days, or even a few hours, after commission of the offence.

Although, to a certain extent, a preventive of fiscal oppression, the grand jury is found in practice to be a clumsy means of certifying cases for trial, and in point of fact it has degenerated into little better than a sham. As occupying the time of persons in business often for days, it is so very generally disliked, that on this account alone projects for superseding it have lately been entertained.In Scotland there is no grand jury; the duty of investigating and bringing to trial in that country being assigned to a public prosecutor. See ADVOCATE, LORD.

The title

Hochmeister), the title of the head of the military
GRAND MASTER (Lat. magnus magister; Ger.
orders, the Hospitallers, the Templars, and the
Teutonic knights; see these articles.
originally borne by the superior of the Hospitallers
de Reval took that by which they are since known
was simply 'master' (magister); but in 1268 Hugh

cations, was applied to the several superiors of the
order in the various countries. Thus, the superior
of Germany was styled Teutsch-meister, German
master.' The superior of Livonia was called Heer-
office of grand master was held for life.
meister, military master.'

order, the title master,' with different modifi

In all these orders the

name was also used in the Dominican order.

The

commission of oyer and terminer and general jail delivery in England, for the purpose of inquiring into the charges for offences, and of returning to the court their delivery thereon. The institution of the grand jury dates back to the earliest period of English history, having been in use among the Saxons. By a law of Ethelred it is enacted, 'Exeant seniores duodecim thani, et præfectus cum eis, et jurent super sanctuarium quod eis in manus datur, quod nolint ullum innocentem accusare, nec aliquem noxium cælare.'-Wilkins, Leges Ang. Sax. 117. From this enactment, it appears that the number of the grand jury was originally twelve; but we learn from Bracton that, in the time of Henry III., it was the practice to return four knights for every hundred, who elected twelve other knights, or else twelve liberos et legales homines, to take part with them in the inquest. Towards the latter part of the reign of Edward III., in addition to the inquest for the hundred, the sheriff was required to return a pannel of knights for the whole county. This jury was called le graunde inquest, and made inquiry for the county, while the jury for the hundred inquired for its own district only. After the establishment of the graunde inquest, the practice of summoning a jury of the hundred gradually went out of use; but until 6 Geo. IV. c. 50, it was deemed necessary that some of the grand jury should be summoned grand master, magnus magister. In the Teutonic for every hundred. In the present day, the grand jury must consist of not less than twelve, or more than twenty-three members. A grand jury is summoned for every assize, and for the quarter-sessions in counties and burghs. It is not necessary that grand jurors should be freeholders, and for grand jurors at assizes, no qualification by estate is necessary. At sessions, the qualification of grand jurors is fixed by 6 Geo. IV. c. 50, and is the same as that of the petit jury. See JURY. Town-councillors of a burgh are exempt from serving on juries within the burgh. An Irish peer, who is a member of parliament, is liable to serve on the grand jury at assizes. An alien cannot serve on the grand jury unless on an inquest de medietate linguæ. In Middlesex, two grand juries are summoned every term, and are sworn before the senior puisne judge of the Queen's Bench. After having the oath administered, and receiving a charge from the judge, they retire to their room, and the various indictments, which are called bills, are laid before them. The duty of the grand jury is simply to inquire | whether there is sufficient evidence to warrant the proceeding with the charge. For this purpose they may require the same evidence, written and parol, as may be necessary to support the indictment at the trial. But in practice, having ascertained that the crown has a sufficient prima facie case, they return a true bill, the prisoner's evidence being reserved for the trial. Witnesses are sworn on their examination before the grand jury by an officer appointed by the court. When the jury have come to a conclusion, the clerk indorses turing city, in the state of Michigan, United States, on the indictment a true bill in case the jury, or is situated in a pleasant and healthy district on a majority of twelve, are satisfied that the case is both banks of the Grand River, about 33 miles sufficiently proved. In case they are not satisfied, from Lake Michigan, and 60 miles north-west of the indictment is indorsed not a true bill. The foreman, accompanied by one or more of the jurors, and descends 18 feet in the course of one mile, Lansing. The river is here about 900 feet wide, then carries the indictments into court, and pre-producing abundant water-power. The G. R. is sents them to the clerk, who states to the court the nature of the charge and the indorsement of the jury. A bill having been thrown out by the grand jury, it cannot be preferred to the same grand jury during the same assizes or sessions. The grand jury usually serve for the whole session to which they are summoned; but in an emergency, as where a serious crime has been committed, and the prisoner brought in after the jury has been discharged, it is

GRAND PE'NSIONARY. Formerly the syndic of each of the important towns of Holland was termed a Pensionary, and the state-secretary for the province of Holland, a Grand Pensionary. Until the time of Olden Barneveldt (q. v.), the Grand Pensioner was also advocate-general for the same province. He had no vote in the assembly of the states, and could only bring forward the subjects of discussion. He, however, collected the votes, wrote the decrees, read the letters addressed to the states, conducted negotiations with foreign ambassadors and ministers, and took charge of the revenues of the province, of its rights and privileges, and whatever else pertained to its welfare. He was a perpetual member of the states-general of the United Netherlands, and thus, as first magistrate of the first of the United Provinces, he acquired immense influence over all Holland, and may be considered premier of the Dutch parliament. The Grand Pensionary held his office for five years, but was in most cases re-elected. The office was abolished in 1795, after the conquest of Holland by the French revolutionists.

GRAND RAPIDS, a

prosperous manufac

handsomely built, commands a fine view, and is one of the most important trading and manufacturing cities in the state. The vicinity is rich in salt and gypsum, and in limestone, pine-lumber, and other building materials. Pop. (1859), 10,000. The city was first settled in 1833, and incorporated in 1850.

GRAND RIVER, a river of North America, rises and flows throughout its entire course within

GRAND SERJEANTY-GRANDFATHER.

the state of Michigan, and falls into the lake of that name at the town of Grand Haven (q. v.). Its source is in the south-east of the state, in two branches which unite near the town of Jackson. G. R. is navigable for large steamers to the rapids, which are 40 miles from the mouth of the river, and for smaller boats for 50 miles further; its

whole course is 270 miles.

GRAND SERJEANTY (magna serjeantia, or magnum servitium, great service), was the most honourable of the ancient feudal tenures. According to Lyttleton, tenure by grand serjeanty is where a man holds his lands or tenements of our sovereign lord the king by such services as he ought to do in his proper person to the king, as to carry the banner of the king, or his lance, or to lead his army, or to be his marshal, or to carry his sword before him at his coronation, or his carver, or his butler, or to be one of his chamberlains of the receipt of his exchequer, or to do other like services. This tenure must have been held of the king. Where lands were held of a subject, on condition of performance of services identical with those which were rendered to the king, the tenure was not grand serjeanty, but knight's service. Thus, lands on the Scottish border held of the king by cornage-i. e., on condition of winding a horn to give notice when the Scots had crossed the border-were held in grand serjeanty; but lands held of a subject for the same service were held in knight's service. Tenants holding by grand serjeanty were free from escuage, which usually appertained to knight's service, and in general could only be called upon to perform their services infra quatuor maria, within the kingdom. The services in grand serjeanty were to be performed by the tenant in person, where he was able to do 80. The office of attendance on the sovereign's person was esteemed so honourable, that no one below the dignity of a knight could perform it. Hence, where lands held by grand serjeanty were in the possession of a citizen, he was permitted to perform his service by deputy. This tenure by grand serjeanty was by 12 Charles II. c. 24, in common with other military tenures, reduced to common Socage (q. v.), except so far as regards the honorary services, which continue to be observed to this day. Thus, the Duke of Wellington holds of the crown his estate of Strathfieldsaye on condition of presenting to the sovereign a flag bearing the national colours on each succeeding anniversary of the battle of Waterloo. The manor of Woodstock, with the demesne, in which is situated Blenheim Park, is held by the Duke of Marlborough by grand serjeanty, on condition of presenting to the Queen and her heirs, at the castle of Windsor, a standard of France, on the 13th August yearly, being the anniversary of the day on which the battle of Hochstet was fought, near the village of Blenheim, on the banks of the Danube. The tenure of grand serjeanty was observed throughout the continent of Europe. The freeborn Franks,' says Mr Hallam, Mid Ages, saw nothing menial in the titles of cupbearer, steward, marshal, or master of the horse, which are still borne by the noblest families in every country in Europe, and by sovereigu princes in the empire. The Count of Anjou, under Louis VI., claimed the office of great seneschal of France—i. e., to carry dishes to the king's table on state-days. Thus, the feudal notions of grand serjeanty prepared the way for the restoration of royal supremacy, as the military tenures had impaired it.'

other than those attaching to lands held in a similar manner of a subject superior. In that country, a tenure by honorary service was known as a BLANCH HOLDING.

which the most highly privileged class of the GRANDEE'S (Span. grandes), the name by nobility of the kingdom of Castile has been known since the 13th century. To this class belonged the whole of that very powerful portion of the nobility who, from their wealth, were called the Ricos Hombres by pre-eminence; and to whom, moreover, the crown had granted the right of bearing a banner, and of gathering mercenaries around it on their own account. The members of the royal family were not included amongst the grandees. The honours of the grandees were hereditary; they held lands from the crown on the tenure of military service, being bound to produce a certain number of lances, each lance being represented by a knight with four or five men-at-arms. exempted from taxation, and could not be suinThe grandees were moned before any civil or criminal judge without a special warrant from the king. They were entitled to leave the kingdom, and even to enter the service of a foreign prince at war with Castile without incurring the penalties of treason. Besides these privileges, which were common to them with the rest of the higher nobility, the grandees possessed several which were peculiar to themselves, or which they shared only with the so-called 'Titulados the counts and dukes. Of these must especially be mentioned the right in all public transactions of being covered in the presence of the king. The king addressed a grandee as mi primo, 'my cousingerman;' whereas any other member of the higher nobility he called only mi pariente, my relative.' In the national assemblies, the grandees sat immediately after the prelates and before the titled nobility (titulados). They had free entrance into the palace, and into the private chambers of the monarch; and on the occasion of religious solemnities, they had their place in the chapel royal next to the altar. Their wives shared their dignities, the queen rising from her seat to greet them. Under Ferdinand and Isabella, Cardinal Ximenes succeeded in breaking the power of the feudal nobility so completely, that by the end of the 15th c. the privileges both of the grandees and of the rest of the higher nobility were almost wholly abolished. Ferdinaud's successor, Charles V., who considered it still necessary to bind to his party some of the nobles, and to reward others for the important services which they had rendered him, contrived out of an independent feudal nobility to construct a dependent court nobility. Gradually three classes of grandees arose out of this merely nominal nobility. It was the privilege of the first class to be commanded by the monarch to be covered before they received this command as soon as they had finished had begun to address him; the second class their address, and heard the king's reply with covered head; but to the third class it was addressed only after they had already listened uncovered to the royal reply. All grandees had the title excellency, and sentries were bound to present arms to them. By the revolution and under the government of Joseph Bonaparte, the dignities and privileges of the grandees were entirely abolished; but they were partially restored at the subsequent restoration, though no very important privileges were bestowed on them. By the constitution of assigned to the grandees. 1834, the first place in the chamber of peers is

in Scotland, grand serjeanty was not known as a separate tenure that is to say, lands held on condition of honorary services rendered to the GRANDFATHER. A grandfather is not Sovereign were not attended with any privileges liable at common law in England to maintain

GRANDVILLE-GRANITE.

grandchildren but if they are destitute, and are either from superimposed strata or deep seas. relieved by the parish, the parish may, under the this account the granitic rocks have been called statute 43 Eliz. c. 2, call upon him, if able, to con-Plutonic rocks;' and Lyell has applied to them the tribute to their support. In Scotland, the liability term hypogene,' from upo, under, and ginomai, to exists at common law, and is enforceable without be born. It was formerly supposed that all granitic the aid of a statute if the father, who is primarily liable, is unable to maintain the children.