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The Secretary of Agriculture exercises personal supervision of public business relating to the agricultural industry. He appoints all the officers and employees of the department with the exception of the Assistant Secretary and the Chief of the Weather Bureau, who are appointed by the President, and directs the management of all the bureaus, divisions, and offices embraced in the department. He exercises advisory supervision over agricultural experiment stations which receive aid from the National Treasury.

BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

The Bureau of Animal Industry conducts the inspection of animals, meats, and meatfood products under the act of Congress of June 30, 1906, and has charge of the inspection of import and export animals. It makes special investigations in regard to dairy subjects.

FOREST SERVICE.

The Bureau of Forestry gives practical advice in the conservative handling of forest lands; investigates methods of forest planting, and gives practical advice to tree planters; investigates the control and prevention of forest fires, and other forest problems.

BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY.

The Bureau of Chemistry makes such investigations and analyses as pertain in general to the interests of agriculture, dealing with fertilizers and agricultural products. It inspects the conditions of manufacture, transportation, and sale of food and drug products for the purpose of determining whether such products are adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of the Pure Food and Drugs Act of June 30, 1906. Also inspects imported and sorted food products.

BUREAU OF SOILS.

The Bureau of Soils has for its object the

investigation of soils in their relation to crops, the mapping of soils, and the investigation, mapping, and reclamation of alkali lands.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

The Bureau of Plant Industry studies plant life in all its relations to agriculture. It includes vegetable, pathological and physiological, botanical, pomological and grass and forage plant investigations.

BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

The Bureau of Entomology obtains and disseminates information regarding injurious insects affecting field crops, fruits, small fruits, and truck crops, forests and forest products, and stored products.

BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY.

The Bureau of Biological Survey investigates the economic relation of birds and mammals and recommends measures for the preservation of beneficial and the destruction of injurious species. It also studies the geographical distribution of animals and plants and maps the natural life zones of the country.

OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The Office of Experiment Stations represents the department in its relations with the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, which are now in operation in all the States, and directly manages the experiment stations in Alaska, Hawaii. Porto Rico, and Guam. It seeks to promote the interest of agricultura' education and investigation throughout the United States.

CHAPTER VI.

MERCHANT MARINE.

NUMBER AND NET AND GROSS TONNAGE OF STEAM AND SAILING VESSELS OF OVER 100 TONS, OF THE SEVERAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD, AS RECORDED IN LLOYD'S Register for 1913-14.

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For valuable information relative to ocean travel the reader is referred to "Scientific American Handbock of Travel," published by Munn & Co., Inc., and compiled and edited by Albert A. Hopkins. It is the standard book on the subject, and the table etc., in this Chapter bring it up to date.

MERCHANT MARINE OF

THE UNITED STATES.

On June 30, 1912, the merchant marine of the United States, including all kinds of documented shipping, comprised 26,528 vessels of 7,714,183 gross tons. Of this number 16,874, having a gross tonnage 3,625,525, were operating on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts; 4,254 vessels, with a tonnage of 963,319, were operating on the Pacific Coast. The power and material of the total number of documented vessels were as follows: Sailing vessels-Wood, 7,442, gross tonnage 1,279,633; metal, 140, gross tons 259,214; total, 7,562, with gross tonnage of 1,538,847. OCEAN STEAMERS, 16 KNOTS AND OVER. 20 knots Country.

Of steam vessels, 12,192, having a tonnage of 1,111,905, were made of wood, and 2,073, with a tonnage of 4,067,593, were built of metal, making a total of 14,265 vessels, with a gross tonnage of 5,197,858. There are algo 665 wooden canal boats having a tonnage of 72,567, and 3,842 wooden and 174 metal barges, having a tonnage of 922,911/tons. During the year 1,505 vessels, having a gross tonnage of 2,669 were constructed. Of this number 104 metal vessels had a tonnage of 135,881.

Number belonging to each Country.

& above. 19 knots. 184 kts. 18 knots. 174 kts. 17 knots. 16 knots.

Total.

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P. & O., 28; British India, 14; White Star, 13; Union Castle, 13; Can. Pacific R., 11; Cunard, 9; Orient, 9: Union of N.Z., 6: Allan, 4; Atlantic Transport, 4: Anchor, 3: Huddart Parker, 3; Canadian Northern S.S. Co., Grand Trunk Pacific Coast S.S. Co., Howard Smith & Co., 2 each; Adelaide S.S. Co., Anglo-Algerian S.S. Co., Bermuda Atlantic 8.8. Co., International Nav. Co., Ltd., Khedivial Mail S.S. Co., Quebec S.S. Co., Royal Mail, and Wilson Line, I each.

N.B.-There were on June 30, 1912, about 2,785 steamers in the world capable of a sca-speed of at least ra knots per hour, of which about 1,573 were British. Of the total number about two-thirds are ocean-going steamers. LARGEST STEAMERS FITTED FOR LIQUID FUEL.

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Lamport & Holt... .............. Liverpool

Forenede Dampskibs Selskab Copenhagen

Prince

Bucknall S.S. Lines, Ltd..
Andrew Weir & Co.
John Henry Usmar..

Gilchrist Transportation Co.

Wm. Ruys & Sons

New Zealand Shipping Co.
Unione Austriaca di Nav.
Burrell & Son

Koninklijke Paketvaart M..

Red Star Line

Deutsche Levante Linie

Glasgow.............. 146,000

Cleveland, Ohio ... 144,000

Rotterdam.....

144,000

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142,000

Glasgow
Amsterdam

140,000

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177,000

172,000

West Hartlepool

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Newcastle-on-Tyne 156,000

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Houlders Bros.; Great Lakes Steamship Co.; Russian Volunteer Fleet; Soc. Gen. de Transport Maritimes a Vapeurs, each 104,000 tons: Lloyd Brazileiro, 102,000 tons; C. T. Bowring & Co.; Nav. Gen. Italiana; and Pacific Mail 8.8. Co., each 100,000 tons.

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THE "IMPERATOR."

The "Imperator," the largest ship in the world, was built for the Hamburg-American Line by the Vulcan Shipbuilding Company. The vessel is 919 ft. in length, 98 ft. in beam, and has a tonnage of 50,000. She has nine decks above the water line, and carries 83

LARGEST VESSEL AFLOAT.

life boats, including two motor boats equipped
with wireless apparatus. The trucks of the
masts rise to a height of 246 ft. above the keel,
exceeding those of the loftiest vessel built.
The funnels measure 69 ft. in length, and the
oval openings measure 26'6" x 18". The rud-
der alone weighs 90 tons, the diameter of the
rudder's stock being 21⁄2 ft. The ship is
driven by quadruple turbines developing
62,000 H. P. One of the immense roters con-
tains 50,000 blades, weighs 135 tons, and is
capable of developing 22,000 H. P. The pro-
pellers are made of turbadium bronze, measure
16' 6" in diameter, and may be driven at 185
revolutions per minute. The vessel has
averaged over 23 knots throughout a day's
run. The construction of the "Imperator"
has been carried out under the supervision of
the Germanic Lloyds and the Immigration
authority. The ship is divided by 16 bulk-
heads extending two decks above the water
line. These bulk-heads are further sub-
divided, forming in all 36
tight compartments. The "Imperator" is
constructed with an inner skin, making her
a ship within a ship.

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The most careful attention has been given to the Navigating Department of the "Imperator." The vessel is commanded by a Commodore, assisted by four Captains, one of whom is constantly on duty on the bridge. The "Imperator" is equipped with every known safe device, and their efficiency is assured by frequent drills and rigid discipline. The vessel carries 3,600 passengers, and a crew of 1,180. The "Imperator' will be followed by two sister ships of even greater dimensions. The first of these, the S. S. Vaderland, will enter the North Atlantic service in the spring of 1914.

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PAT DAGDAG

THE NINE DECKS ABOVE WATER LINE OF THE "IMPERATOR."

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THE BIGGEST SHIP PASSING THE BIGGEST BUILDING

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