railroad companies.

Cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam

82,944

8,844

6,213

1,166

1,465

4,172

69,928

10.7

5.0

84.3

Cars, steam-railroad, not including operations of railroad com

301,273

6,974

2

1,877

5,095

12, 125

282,174

2.3

4.0

93.7

In 1859, Charles Darwin published a work entitled "Origin of Species,' "to prove that the numerous species now existing on the earth sprang
originally from one or at most a few primal forms; and that the present diversity is due to special development and natural selection. Those
plants and creatures which are best suited to the conditions of their existence survive and become fruitful; certain organs called into play by
peculiar conditions of life grow with their growth and strengthen with their strength till they become so much a part and parcel of their frames as to
be transmitted to their offspring. The conditions of life being very diverse, cause a great diversity of organic development, and, of course, every
such diversity which has become radical is the parent of a new species.

To anyone who is familiar only with the customary method of stating rainfall, it is somewhat startling to learn, for instance that 43.9 cubic
miles of rain fell in Missouri during the year 1896. This is decidedly more impressive than the statement that the rainfall was about 41 inches.
In the same year 1296.4 cubic miles of water is computed to have fallen over the whole of the United States, and the average annual rainfall is
somewhat greater than this; viz., 1,308 cubic miles, weighing 6,000,000,000,000 tons. As an illustration of the fact that most of the water that
falls as rain never reaches the sea through the medium of drainage, but is evaporated from the land. it has been shown that the discharge of the
Mississippi River at St. Louis is but little greater than the volume of rainfall over the State of Missouri alone, despite the enormous area drained
by the river above that point.

DISTRIBUTION OF EXPENSES IN PERCENTAGES FOR THE LEADING INDUSTRIES 1909.

ENGINES AND POWER.

In 1909 408,472 engines or motors, having a total horse-power of 18,675,376, used primary power in the United States. Of this number 209,163 were owned and 199,309 were rented. The owned engines or motors were divided according to power, as follows: Steam, 153,525 with total horse-power of 14,199,339, gas, 34,356, total horse-power 751,186, water wheels, 20,079, total horse-power 1,807,439, water motors, 1,203, total horse-power 15,449; all other owned engines or motors having a horse-power of 29,293. The rented engines were divided as follows: Electric, 199,309,

II.

total horse-power 1,749,031; all other rented engines or motors having a total horsepower of 123,639. At the end of the year 1909 there were 388,854 electric motors in the United States, having a total horse-power of 4,817,140. Of these 189,545, having a horsepower of 3,068,109, were run by current generated by establishment; and 199,309, having a total horse-power of 1,749,031, were run by rented power. Our comparison would be even more spectacular if figures for the year 1912 could be obtained.

MANUFACTURED FOOD PRODUCTS.

SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PACKING.

The total cost of all the material used in the slaughtering and meat-packing business during the year 1909, amounted to $1,202,$27,784. The cost of all the animals slaughtered was $960,725,581. The total number of beeves killed was 8,114,860 and they were valued at $392,127,010; the total number of calves slaughtered was 2,504,728 and they were valued at $25,030,014; the number of sheep slaughtered was 12,255,501, and their value was $59,924,931; the number of hogs slaughtered amounted to 33,870,616 and their value was $483,383,848; the goats slaughtered numbered 33,224 and were valued at $121,230; and the cost of all other animals slaughtered was $138,548. The dressed meat purchased during the year 1909 was valued at $93,409,286, and all the other materials purchased at $147,692,917. The products of the slaughtering and meat packing business for the year were valued at $1,370,568,101 and were divided as follows: Beef, 4,335,674,330 pounds, value, $339,742,608; of which 4,209,196,668 pounds, valued at $327,583,456, were fresh, and 126,477,662 pounds, valued at $12,159,152, were salted or cured; veal, 252.997,078 pounds, value, $25,058,886; fresh mutton, 495,457,894, value, $50,735,116; pork, 4,377,127,187, value, $486,845,161, of which 1,547,494,184 pounds, valued $158,714,862, were fresh; 952,130,557 pounds, valued at $95,959,048, were salted; 789,861,744 pounds, valued at $101,089,390, were hams; 346,294,769 pounds, valued at $33,225,458, were shoulders; and 741,345,933 pounds, valued at $97,856,403, were bacons and sides; sausage, fresh or cured, value, $59,564,582; all other fresh meat, 257,809,083 pounds, value, $16,392,768; canned goods, 121,376,837 pounds, value, $15,345,543; lard, 1,243,567,604 pounds, value, $134,396,587; tallow or oleo stock, 202,844,139 pounds, value, $13,499,659; oleo oil, 19,692,172 gallons, value, $16,475,726; other oils, 11,343,186 gallons, value, $6,350,745; oleomargarine, 42,912,466 pounds, value, $5,963,981; stearin, 54,957,997 pounds, value, $6,871,935, glue and gelatine, 27,936,035 pounds, value, $1,944,338; fertilizers and fertilizer materials, 362,136 tons, value, $8.726,818; hides, 9,560,138, value, $68,401.515; sheep pelts, 11,691,308, value, $11.404,556; goat and kid skins, 33,359, value, $20,679; wool, 21,858,926 pounds,

at

value, $8,327,095; amount received for custom or contract work, $1,329,739; and all other products, value, $93,170,064.

CANNING AND PRESERVING.

At the end of the year 1909 there were 3,767 canning and preserving establishments in the United States, having a total capital of $119,207,000. The total cost of all materials used in the establishments was $101,823,000; the amount spent in these factories for wages was $19,082,000; the amount spent for salaries $7,864,000; and the miscellaneous expenses were $12,718,000. The total value of the products was $157,101,000, and the value added by manufacture (products less cost of materials) was $55,278,000. The total number of salaried officials and clerks employed in the establishments numbered 7,760; and the average number of wage earners employed during the year was 59,968. The primary horse-power of the establishments was 81,179.

There were 32,752,469 cases of vegetables, having a value of $51,568,914, canned during the year. The total value of the tomatoes canned during the year was $18,747,941; the value of the corn, $10,332,136; of peas, $10,247,363; of beans, $6,013,098; of asparagus, $1.975,775. There were 5,501,404 cases of fruits canned during the year 1909, and their total value was $12,938,474. The total value of the peaches canned during the year was $3,753,698; of the apples, $1,898,720; of the apricots, $1,825,311; of the pears, $1,833,214; of the berries, $1,754,927; of the cherries, $1,019,013. During the same year there were 400,328,767 pounds of fruits, with a total value of $19,840,395 dried in the United States. Of this total $4,837,933 represented the value of the raisins dried; $5,130,412 that of the prunes; $3,098,095 that of the apples; $2,423,083 that of the peaches; $2,277,177 that of the apricots.

During the year 1909 there were 235,418,713 pounds of fish and oysters, with a value of $17,573,311, canned in the United States. There were 99,831,528 pounds of salmon, with a value of $8,723,565, canned during the year; 90,694,284 pounds of sardines, with a value of $1,931,831; 28,192,392 pounds of oysters, with a value of $2,443,101. There were 39,814,989 pounds of fish, having a value of $2,900,417, smoked during the year 1909; and 128,539,299 pounds of fish, having a value of $7,174,561.