Germany

Germany's space program has recently gathered momentum after a slow start and is now exceeding that of France in terms of funding. German space projects are mostly collaborative, either with the US or with European neighbors. AZUR I, the first German satellite, was launched by NASA in November 1969, and a German barium ion probe is scheduled for NASA launching later in 1970. A third spacecraft for NASA launching aims at aeronomy studies. The latest cooperative agreement is for Project HELIOS, which will take seven German and three US experiments closer to the sun than any spacecraft so far scheduled. This is the largest and most complex project to be undertaken outside the US and Soviet national programs and represents the most ambitious NASA international cooperative project to date.

Germany has played a leading role in the European Space Research Organization (ESRO) and the European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO). She is responsible for the development and manufacture of the third stage of the ELDO vehicle. Extensive spacecraft and vehicle test facilities have been established in Germany, and industrial progress in the underlying technologies has been rapid.

United Kingdom

Space funding in the UK has been limited ($55 million per year). Nevertheless, UK space programs lead Europe in scientific activity. Britain has looked abroad both to the U.S. and to Europe-for collaboration in this work. The UK has prepared three scientific satellites, all launched by NASA, and has had more experiments (ten) selected for flight on NASA satellites than any other country. A fourth cooperative satellite has been agreed, and a fifth is in prospect. Seventeen of the 55 foreign Principal Investigators selected for analysis of lunar samples returned in the Apollo Program are UK-sponsored. The UK has contributed the Blue Streak booster (based on U.S. Atlas/Thor technology) to ELDO as the first of three stages of a European launch vehicle. She has, however, announced her withdrawal from ELDO in 1971. The Black Arrow, a small liquidfueled vehicle designed to put a 200-pound payload into low-earth orbit, was scheduled for a first satellite launch in 1970.

Italy

Italy has centered her space funding on the imaginative San Marco program for measuring atmospheric density by means of satellites placed directly into equatorial orbit from a mobile platform in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya. NASA provided Scout vehicles for two initial satellites launched in 1964 and 1967. A third San Marco satellite, carrying Italian and US experiment, will be launched from the platform later this year. Italy has agreed to launch several NASA spacecraft from the San Marco platform at cost. Italy is also developing a synchronous-orbit microwave propagation satellite for a reimbursable launching by NASA.

EUROPEAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANIZATION

The European Space Research Organization (ESRO), a regional grouping of ten governments concerned with the development and flight of scientific spacecraft and sounding rocket experiments, has developed a technological center (ESTEC) in Holland, a space operations center (ESOC) in Germany, and a research institute (ESRIN) in Italy, ESRO has developed and flown four scientific spacecraft, all launched by NASA-two on a cooperative basis (in 1969) and two on a reimbursable basis (in 1968 and 1969). Five more reimbursable launchings are in prospect for the period 1971 to 1975-four on Delta vehicles and one on Scout.

Reflecting the general direction of European interests, ESRO has begun to focus on the development of applications satellites. An initial project under study is an experimental pre-operational air traffic control satellite system, perhaps undertaken cooperatively with NASA. Considerable support for such a project has developed within European national air traffic control agencies.

EUROPEAN LAUNCHER DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION

The European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO), a seven-member organization of European nations plus Australia, is developing an independent European launch vehicle capability. ELDO itself has no development facilities; its work is undertaken by European industry, primarily under contracts placed

and managed by the national organizations in the participating states. Eight test flights of the Europa I, designed to place a one-ton payload in low earth orbit, have been conducted at Australia's Woomera Range. Upper stage technical difficulties have been experienced in the last four of these tests. One more test is scheduled for Australia this year, after which two further launchings I will be conducted at the French Guiana Range in 1971. Because of technical problems and high costs, plans for Europa production after the test program have not been settled, and the future of ELDO is not clear.

Efforts to develop a coordinated European space policy have been undertaken by the ministerial level European Space Conference (ESC) beginning in 1966. For more than a year an ESC Committee of Senior Officials has been engaged in defining a unified space organization.

Japan

On February 11, 1970 Japan became the fourth country (after the USSR, US, and France) to orbit a satellite on its own launch vehicle, the Lambda 4S. This accomplishment came after four unsuccessful launching attempts of the same vehicle beginning in 1966. Limited funding and organizational issues have in the past hampered domestic efforts. Fiscal year 1970 funding of $41 milliona significant increase-was announced two days after the Lambda 4S success.

Parallel with, and separate from, the Lambda effort is the development of the much larger "Q" and "N" rockets to place a communications satellite in geostationary orbit. A diplomatic-level agreement was concluded last summer to facilitate Japanese purchase from US industry of launch vehicle and spacecraft equipment and technology for use in this project. This agreement was conditioned on Japanese assurances that U.S. equipment and technology would not be transferred to third countries and that communications objectives would be compatible with the objectives of INTELSAT.

Canada

Canadian space activities have reflected a longstanding interest in the communications problems of the polar ionosphere. This has led Canada into joint satellite projects with NASA (three Alouette and ISIS spacecraft developed by Canada and by NASA in 1962, 1965, and 1969). These satellites were designed to sound the ionosphere from above and have contributed substantially to US space objectives. One more ISIS spacecraft is scheduled for launching in 1971. Canada is developing a domestic communications satellite system for which NASA will provide launching services on a reimbursable basis. For the future, Canada is studying a communications technology satellite, the development objectives of which coincide very closely with those of the US. The possibility of a joint effort is being explored.

Canada operates the Churchill Rocket Research Range in the auroral zone. Canadian Black Brant solid-fueled sounding rockets have been used also by non-Canadian Agencies, including NASA.

India

India's space science and technology competence has grown in good part through collaboration with NASA in scientific sounding rocket investigations. The Indian range at Thumba was accorded UN sponsorship in 1965. India now builds sounding rockets under license from Sud Aviation and has also developed an indigenous small rocket capability. India plans to scale these projects up to a satellitelaunching capability.

A major new program, agreed formally between NASA and the Indian Department of Atomic Energy last fall, will use the NASA ATS-F satellite in an experimental direct broadcast mode to permit India to bring instructional TV to some 5,000 villages. In this one-year experiment, the Indian Government is responsible for building and operating all ground facilities, providing TV programs-principally dealing with the subjects of agricultural productivity and population control-and evaluating the results of the experiment. Already in existence and capable of assisting in this experiment is a satellite communications experimental ground station at Ahmedabad.

Brazil

Brazil carries out the most active space program in Latin America. The Brazilian Space Commission (CNAE) has undertaken numerous sounding rocket projects in cooperation with NASA, including synoptic weather rocket launchings as a part of the experimental inter-American meteorological rocket network

(EXAMETNET), and has extensively accommodated NASA and other US agency requirements for southern hemisphere launching services. A pioneering joint effort is an Earth Resources Survey Experiment to extend to developing countries the techniques and systems for acquiring and utilizing earth resources data in the aircraft (and eventually the spacecraft) mode. CNAE is also undertaking a major educational TV broadcast experiment (Project SACI) and has proposed to use NASA Applications Technology Satellites at various stages of the Brazilian program.

The US-India experiment is made possible by the development of the ATS-F and G applications technology satellites, which will have considerably more power than earlier versions. The objective of the ATS series is to investigate practical applications of space technology in such fields as communications, meteorology, and navigation. The ATS-F satellite will carry out some eighteen or twenty experiments during its lifetime in addition to the one year Indian instructional television broadcasting experiment.

BACKGROUND OF INDIAN PROPOSAL

During the mid-1960's the characteristics of the ATS-F were widely discussed in the communications community, including an international Ground Station Committee which has cooperated with NASA in communications experiments since the first Relay and Telstar satellites. The committee discussions aroused Indian interest in further details of an experiment formulated by NASA to test ATS-F direct broadcasting capabilities. In March 1967 the Indian Department of Atomic Energy submitted a proposal to NASA for a joint study to investigate the trade-offs between satellite and conventional TV systems for India in a follow-on national development program. India also undertook a preliminary educational TV test project in the New Delhi area. In January 1968 a Joint Study Group met in India and visited the Delhi TV project. In June 1968 the Group recommended proceeding with the ATS-F experiment. A DAE/NASA Memorandum of Understanding was signed September 18, 1969.

NASA CONTRIBUTION

NASA will make the ATS-F satellite available to India for up to six hours a day for one year and will provide technical advice and guidance to India in the discharge of her responsibilities. It is the present plan to move the satellite to a position within view of India approximately six months after launching in the 1972-73 time period. The ATS-F capabilities for the ITV experiment are largely integral to its broader mission. The tangible incremental costs represented by the extended time made available to India will amount to one or two percent of the total ATS-F and G budget costs.

INDIAN RESPONSIBILITIES

The cost to India of the year-long experiment may be estimated to exceed $15 million. India is responsible for developing the instructional TV programs, transmitting the programs from the Ahmedabad earth station to the satellite, providing approximately 5,000 village television receivers (some 2,000 of which will be augmented to receive signals directly from the spacecraft, the remainder via ground relay stations) obtaining necessary international frequency clearances, and evaluating the results of the experiment, which will be available to all nations. India will assume all costs associated with the ground segment, programming, training, and analysis.

INTERNATIONAL IMPACT

The India-US ITV satellite broadcast experiment is an important expression of US policy to make the benefit of this nation's space technology directly available to other peoples. For India, the ITV project represents an important experimental step in the development of a national communications system and of the underlying technological, managerial, and social supporting elements. For other developing countries, it should serve on a no-cost basis to test the values, the feasibility, and the requirements of a multi-purpose tool which could be critical to accelerating their progress in an increasingly technological world.

ATTACHMENT E

US/USSR COOPERATION IN SPACE RESEARCH

US efforts to cooperate with the Soviet Union in space research go back to the first planning of space projects in 1955 for the International Geophysical Year. In a long series of international meetings, US scientists and those of other nations sought to develop conventions for wide exchange of space data. Soviet scientists consistently opposed obligations of a specific and extensive character. As a consequence, agreements for exchange were held to a minimal or token level. The Soviet side has not fully complied even with these. Further unsuccessful efforts to establish a basis for cooperation were undertaken by the NASA Deputy Administrator in November 1959 during a meeting of the American Rocket Society in Washington, D.C. At that time, Soviet scientists stated that it would be necessary to proceed step-by-step, but they were unwilling to identify a possible first step. Also in 1959 NASA Administrator T. Keith Glennan offered US assistance in tracking Soviet Manned flights, but the offer was never taken up. Although efforts to interest the Soviets in cooperation continued through a variety of channels, there was no progress until the exchange of correspondence between President Kennedy and Chairman Khrushchev after the successful flight of John Glenn in February 1962. In his message of congratulations Mr. Khrushchev repeated the widespread view that it would be a fine thing if the two nations could pool their efforts in space. The President turned this general expression to account by making highly specific proposals for such cooperation and suggesting that negotiators be designated. The resulting talks between Dr. Hugh L. Dryden and Academician Anatoly A. Blagonravov produced the three-part bilateral space agreement of June 1962. The first part provided for coordinated launchings by the two countries of experimental meteorological satellites, for the exchange of resulting data over a Washington-Moscow channel, and for the exchange of conventional meteorological data prior to, and on a secondary basis during, the exchange of satellite data. The second part provided for the launching by each country of an Earth satellite equipped with absolute magnetometers and the subsequent exchange of data in order to arrive at a map of the Earth's magnetic

field. The third part provided for joint communications experiments by means of the US passive satellite Echo II. The Dryden-Blagonravov talks also led to a second agreement of November 1965 for the preparation and publication of a joint US/USSR review of space biology and medicine. These agreements call for coordination of independent efforts rather than a cooperative integration of effort but represent the best that could be achieved.

Soviet performance in even these limited projects has been disappointing: (1) Meteorology

Coordinated launchings of experimental, then operational, meteorological satellites, establishment of channels for the exchange of data thus obtained, plus the exchange of conventional meteorological data on a secondary basis.

Status. The communications channels were established between Washington and Moscow in October 1964 on a shared-cost basis under which each party pays $28,000 every other month. Scheduled two-way transmissions of conventional weather data are made throughout the day. Exchange of satellite data began on an experimental basis in September 1966 and continued for some weeks. Soviet transmissions resumed on March 2, 1967. Although they have continued since then except for some intervals, Soviet data has not been operationally useful to us, and it has not been possible to move on to the second stage of the agreement, which calls for the coordinated launchings by the two nations of a system of operational weather satellites. Technical discussions in Moscow in July 1968 have brought some improvement in the quality of Soviet data received in Washington, but further direct attention is necessary to assure data of quality and timeliness adequate for operational use. The Soviets have purchased high-speed data transmitting equipment for use on the link. The equipment is of US manufacture and is identical with that being installed at the Washington terminus. (2) Magnetic Field Mapping

Launching by each country of an earth satellite equipped with absolute magnetometers and the subsequent exchange of satellite and ground-based data.

Status. The Soviets have provided observations from COSMOS-49. They have received a full description of OGO-2 data, but they have not specified which of this data they wish to receive. Ground-based data have been exchanged, but the exchange has not been completely successful as to regularity, quantity, locations, or format.

(3) Communications

Cooperative communications experiments by means of the US passive satellite Echo II using the Jodrell Bank and Zemenki facilities.

Status.-These experiments were completed in February 1964. In the event, the Soviets received only, declining to transmit, but did provide reasonable data relating to their radio receptions via Echo II. Technical difficulties (partly at Jodrell Bank) limited the experimental results.

(4) Space Biology and Medicine

Preparation and publication of a joint review of space biology and medicine. Status. A joint editorial board has been selected and an outline for the chapters of the review has been agreed. The US side is now engaged in having "compilers" put together the basic materials. For almost two years, the Soviet side failed to reply to correspondence. In March 1969 they orally agreed to (1) identify Soviet compilers, (2) confirm Soviet agreement on the outline for the work, and (3) set ad referendum a new schedule for the project which called for exchange of materials for the first volume of the joint work in May 1969 and selection of authors for that volume in July 1969. We confirmed this agreement on April 10, 1969. The June 18 Soviet letter of confirmation deferred the first exchange to November-December 1969. The first exchange began in late January 1970.

GENERAL

We have made repeated efforts to persuade the Soviets to enter new projects, but our initiatives have not been accepted. The joint review of space medicine is the only Soviet proposal which has been made and not subsequently withdrawn. A partial chronology of US initiatives (which does not include numerous actions taken to implement projects already agreed) follows: