Bureau of Entomology, the extension division of Ohio which is connected with the university, the experiment station of Ohio, the whole farm bureau, the agricultural agents in every county, all cooperating in a complete clean-up of this whole infestation. This campaign is already in progress. They are showing moving pictures and holding meetings at schoolhouses and the State and Federal men are talking to the children in the grade and the high schools. All of this is preparing the way for the real campaign to begin in the spring at which time a property to property visitation of this whole area will be made. Men will meet and talk with the farmers urging them to burn all their rubbish before the insect can emerge, and practice cultural methods of control.

The State of Ohio, through its regulatory division, will assist with this work. The State of Ohio has appropriated $50,000 for this work, which means $25,000 a year for quarantine and clean-up work. To show you that the other States are interested in the work, we hope to have the experiment station entomologists of Illinois and Indiana to help us in the control campaign. Understand, we are not attempting to eradicate this insect; we dismissed that idea long ago. But we believe that if we can hold this infestation to the minimum we can also reduce to a minimum the danger of a spread, and if we can delay it only a few years or until we can develop more effective methods of control, we feel it is well worth while to put on a campaign of that sort.

Mr. MAGEE. You have to keep at it?

Mr. DEAN. Yes, sir.

Mr. BUCHANAN. I notice on that map that all around Lake Erie there is infestation. Do you think that infestation has any connection with the lake? It looks rather strange that it is all around there.

Mr. DEAN. NO. The infestation very probably started first in Ontario, and from there was spread by the wind to the Ohio shore. Mr. BUCHANAN. That may be, but how did it happen to be all around the lake?

Mr. DEAN. I would rather believe it was carried by the wind than by the water currents, because the currents do not come over to the Ohio shore except in time of storms.

Mr. BUCHANAN. Maybe the wind blew them across the lake.
Mr. DEAN. You mean the moths themselves?

Mr. BUCHANAN. Yes.

Mr. DEAN. Well, that may be.

Mr. BUCHANAN. Another question along that line. What do you think about the climate? Is it very prolific in the South or not?

Mr. DEAN. Some of our studies have been on the effect of climate, that is, temperature and moisture on the propagation of this insect. In other words, why is it that there is one generation in Ohio and two generations in Massachusetts? This insect very probably will infest cotton when it reaches the South. Here is a map showing the different generations in different localities. This represents the onegeneration area; down through here is the partial second-generation The second-generation area is marked with "2's." Down here is the three-generation area, and over here in the irrigated districts, also there may be three-generation areas. In Massachusetts it is two generations, but here it is one generation. Very probably down here it will in the Corn Belt be two generations. When you get

area.

two generations it is reasonable to suppose that the two generations will be much worse than one generation, as illustrated in the case of Massachusetts.

Mr. BUCHANAN. You might have a half dozen ?

Mr. DEAN. Probably not more than three generations.

PARASITE WORK.

Mr. ANDERSON. Will you discuss the parasite work in connection with this insect?

Mr. DEAN. I am just coming to that, Mr. Chairman. The other phase of our research work is the parasite work. We have a laboratory located in southeastern France, and the men located there are studying the parasites and natural enemies of this insect. Parasites have been introduced at the laboratory at Arlington. These have been studied and introduced into the infested fields. Last summer recoveries were made of some of these parasites. In one instance recoveries were made 5 miles from the place of liberation. This work looks very promising. I would like to say right here that all of our research work is in close cooperation with the research work in Canada. We have conferences with their men, and much of our work is in cooperation with the Canadian workers. We are even furnishing them now with some parasites to introduce in their regions. We are also going to introduce some of the parasites into the New York and Ohio infestations.

CANADIAN COOPERATION.

Mr. ANDERSON. What is Canada doing in connection with the corn borer?

Mr. DEAN. Canada is very active indeed in this work. They are carrying on research work and also control work. Instead of taking their whole infestation as a control experiment, as we are doing in Ohio, they are taking a smaller district. They are practicing the same sort of clean-up methods but only on a smaller area. The cornborer work is a cooperative project of the Canadian and the United States workers. In addition to what has been given, we have quarantine work. All of this infested area is under quarantine, and it takes a large portion of our appropriation to make these surveys and conduct the quarantines. On many of the main autoroads in Ohio and Massachusetts we have 24-hour service. By that I mean patroling or policing the roads. coming from northern Ohio down into central Ohio.

Mr. ANDERSON. What do you try to get? You examine vegetables and corn and everything?

Mr. DEAN. They stop people coming along the road in vehicles and examine their cars or vehicles for sweet corn or any products that are included in the quarantine. The products are taken away from them.

Mr. ANDERSON. They do not allow them to move it out of the district at all?

Mr. DEAN. No, sir. They can move in the district but not out of the district.

Mr. ANDERSON. What does this quarantine apply to?

Mr. DEAN. In Ohio it applies to corn, but in Massachusetts to all vegetables and crops that the insect may infest.

Mr. ANDERSON. They do not allow it to move out at all? Mr. DEAN. No, except in some cases where the products can be certified as free from infestation, such as greenhouse plants and cut flowers such as chrysanthemums. Whenever an examination is made of them and they are found to be free from infestation, they are allowed to be shipped out. But we do not allow the sweet corn and some vegetables to be shipped out. If a man has sweet corn in his automobile, or carries it in a bag, or whatever way he may have it, he can not take it out. He can take it back.

Mr. ANDERSON. That is just as true of any other crop?

Mr. DEAN. No some garden crops, such as celery has been allowed to be removed, unless the infestation has become too severe. Mr. BUCHANAN. It attacks beets, too?

Mr. DEAN. Yes, sir; it is very bad in beets.

ALFALFA SEED CHALCIS FLY.

Mr. BUCHANAN. I would like to return, Mr. Chairman, to another subject for a moment. I have a letter here from Secretary Wallace relative to this cereal appropriation. The entomologist of the State of Arizona wrote to the Secretary of Agriculture calling his attention to the presence of the alfalfa seed chalcis fly, and the Secretary replied to that letter saying that you had just returned from that section and reported the condition out there; that he recognized the necessity of putting an entomologist in that field. The letter of the entomologist stated that the damage to one area there was over $300,000. The Secretary recognized the necessity of putting an entomologist there to observe conditions and to destroy that fly, but he did not have the money. Now, this letter was written on December 4, soon after this estimate went in, and after his allotment went in as contained in this book. So it appears there is no provision made to send an entomologist out there to study this insect. That insect, as I understand it, flies to a great many sections of that territory.

Mr. DEAN. Yes; there is no question that the alfalfa seed chalcis fly is a limiting factor in the production of alfalfa seed in the Yuma Valley, the Salt Lake region, the Imperial River Valley, and some of the districts in Texas, especially Balmorhea.

Mr. BUCHANAN. You have inspected that territory?

Mr. DEAN. Yes; I have inspected all of these places.

Mr. BUCHANAN. And this insect was supposed to be doing the damage?

Mr. DEAN. There is no question in my mind that the insect is doing an enormous damage.

Mr. BUCHANAN. In order to evolve a remedy or to destroy it, it is necessary to have an entomologist in that field?

Mr. DEAN. That is the way we feel about it. Before we can make any recommendations on control the insect should be studied in that particular district, especially in the Yuma Valley and the Imperial Valley, which is one continuous district.

Mr. BUCHANAN. Under the appropriations provided for in this estimate could you put a man out there without stopping some important investigation now under way?

Mr. DEAN. No, sir. To place a man there we would have to interrupt or cripple some of the work that is now going on in other projects.

Mr. BUCHANAN. How much additional would it take to put an entomologist in that valley to study that question and help those poor devils out there who can hardly make a living?

Mr. DEAN. Our minimum would be about $5,000 per year. That would mean the salary of the man and his expenses. It would simply be a substation of our main laboratory at Tempe, Ariz.

Mr. BUCHANAN. Did you have a man out there in 1918?

Mr. DEAN. There was a man out there in 1918. Was it not 1918 that Mr. Gable was out there?

Mr. WALTON. He was not in the Yuma Valley but was in the Buckeye Valley.

Mr. BUCHANAN. That is where the damage happened to the alfalfa seed?

Mr. DEAN. The worst damage is in the Yuma Valley. The Tempe station is in the Salt River Valley, and this valley runs down to the Buckeye. Mr. Wildermuth who has been in charge of the Tempe station for many years, spent considerable time last summer in the Yuma Valley with the alfalfa growers.

Mr. BUCHANAN. I understand the department is not taking up any new investigation, but trying to complete some old ones that were started. Has the department determined, if you undertake a new investigation, whether or not this would be that investigation? Mr. DEAN. If I understand you correctly, you mean, if we were to take on another piece of work or investigation?

Mr. BUCHANAN. Yes; this would be the one?

Mr. DEAN. This would be one of the important pieces of work that I would advocate taking up.

Doctor HOWARD. I will ask you to hear Mr. Graf on the next item

CONTROLLING THE SPREAD OF THE MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE.

Mr. ANDERSON. We will take up the item on page 231, for controlling the spread of the Mexican bean beetle.

Mr. GRAF. The Mexican bean beetle was discovered in the Southeast in 1920. It was found in the vicinity of Birmingham, Ala., in June of that year and by September it was found to be present in all or parts of 11 counties centering on that city. The following year it was found in five different States in addition to Alabama, namely, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Kentucky. There were about 111 counties infested at that time, the end of the second year. The insect continued to spread at the rate of about 100 to 150 miles per year, mostly in a northerly or northeasterly direction, until at the end of this year it is present in Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, and Ohio. It has been found as far north as Franklin County, Ohio, in the center of the State. This map will show the rapidity of spread and the total area now known to be infested. Previous to the discovery of the eastern infestation it was known to be present for many years in some of the Western States. As far as I know, it was present there previous to the coming of the white man. The reason it has never spread from this mountainous territory

into the plains is because this insect, in common with most of the other ladybirds, hibernates only in sheltered or wooded country, and when you get out into the western plains there is practically no shelter. I think Mr. Buchanan can assure you of that. But as soon as the insect came into the East it could hibernate successfully everywhere and continue to spread.

There seems to be no limit to the territory that it will ultimately cover, because its habitat in the West places it under severe winter conditions, such as it will not experience anywhere in the East. Thirty or forty degrees below zero is very common in the western range of the insect. New Mexico reports that they have had a total of 92 inches of snow in the last quarter of 1923 at the place where many of the insects naturally hibernate. The insects in cages, but exposed to this cold and snow, were examined in January and were doing very nicely. So it will probably spread all over the East, and should become very abundant in the hilly or wooded parts of the East. Control work was started at the Birmingham laboratory in 1921. Experiments were made with various insecticides, both contact and poison, and we found at once that the nicotine and other contact insecticides did not seem to be of any value, the insect eating up those plots just as cleanly as it had the untreated We experimented with the arsenicals, utilizing the common arsenicals then in use, calcium arsenate which is used for the cotton boll weevil, zinc arsenite, lead arsenate, and magnesium arsenate, the manufacture of which had been stopped on account of its injurious effect on peach trees. We encountered a great deal of trouble in testing insecticides, because the insect is difficult to control and the plant is very easy to injure. In fact, the bean plant is sometimes used as an index for testing the injurious effect of arsenicals on plants. Magnesium arsenate has been improved considerably, and to-day it is safely used as a spray on beans in the proportion of 1 pound of the poison to 50 gallons of water. Used as a dust, in the proportion of one part to anywhere from one to five parts of lime, it will give very satisfactory control without injuring the bean plants.

Calcium arsenate has been used in two different mixtures. It can be used either with 9 parts of lime to 1 part of calcium arsenate, or it can be used with 1 part of dusting sulphur and 4 parts of lime to 1 part of calcium arsenate. A very high grade of calcium arsenate is necessary in both the calcium-arsenate mixtures on account of the high temperature and humidity which is found in the Southeast. Unless care is taken to mix these poisons accurately some plant injuries may result, and if the poison is used much more dilute than 1 part to 10 it will not satisfactorily control the insect. The great difficulty we have had in trying to popularize the arsenicals is that people hesitate to put arsenicals on crops used as food. We have analyzed beans from plants sprayed and dusted with these poisons and have found that they come well within the safe limits set by the Bureau of Chemistry, but at the present time the growers, especially the bean canners, are anxious for us to develop some other poison. They are afraid to use arsenic on any food product which must be put in a can. They say that while we may prove that it is not injurious, nevertheless people are going to fear their products, and since their trade-mark is very valuable to them, they would