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dinated with relation to activities of other agencies in the Department of the Interior and with the Department of Agriculture and the Federal Power Commission. The views and assistance of representatives of the Federal Power Commission and the Bonneville Power Administration were obtained on the power phases of the plan and are presented in the division engineer's report. The Bonneville Power Administration's transmission program and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service's lower river fisheries plan are also presented.

14. The importance of the concurrent development of land and water resources in the basin has been recognized throughout the investigation in numerous diseussions with the Department of Agriculture and others primarily concerned with the development of the land resources. The condition, treatment, development, and use of the land resources have a positive influence on the amount of water available for beneficial use, on peak stream flows, and on sedimentation. In order to insure the attainment of a balanced program of development of both land and water resources, provision should be made for the acceleration of the land resources program in both the planning and operations phases by the Department of Agriculture and others responsible for these activities.

15. The comprehensive plan presented herewith is a carefully prepared framework within which the projects necessary for a progressive, balanced economy in the Pacific Northwest can be built step by step at the rate required to bring about the needed expansion of the region's capabilities. Adoption of the plan at this time is essential for orderly and efficient development. A substantial part of the work proposed is urgently needed and should be authorized now for early construction.

16. Schedules for construction of the projects in the plan should be worked out to meet the needs, as foreseeable from time to time, for flood control, navigation, additional power, irrigation, and the related programs for soil and forest conservation and other activities of the Department of Agriculture, fish and wildlife preservation, power transmission and other purposes. This can best be accomplished by the agencies concerned through periodic preparation of programs covering the next several years ahead, utilizing the established procedures for coordination among the agencies and States, including the Columbia Basin Interagency Committee. In general, the lower Columbia River levees and local flood-protection projects throughout the basin should be given high priority in order to secure the maximum relief from floods in the shortest possible time. Similarly, the Willamette sub-basin plan should be carried to substantial completion with high priority. In the main control plan, the Albeni Falls, Libby, and other upstream storage projects are logical first steps because of their floodcontrol value, the power available at the site, and the benefit to power installations downstream from the storage regulation afforded. The downstream main stem projects should be coordinated from a timing standpoint with the lower river fisheries plan as well as with the needs for power, flood control, and navigation. various sub-basin plans should be undertaken under medium priority as progress is made on the projects for the main control plan. In general, the associated plans for fisheries, irrigation and soil and forest conservation should proceed with high priority. Power transmission construction should proceed in phase with the completion of power generation facilities.

The

17. The question of adjustments for local loss of taxes as a result of Federal projects is being studied as a national problem by the Federal Real Estate Board. One means of adjustment is afforded by section 5 of the Flood Control Act approved July 24, 1946, which provides that 75 percent of revenues from leasing of lands acquired by the United States for flood control purposes shall be turned over to the States for the benefit of public schools and public roads of the counties in which the land is situated. This procedure is applicable to the flood-control projects in the Columbia Basin. Further adjustments for projects in the Columbia Basin plan should be considered as a part of the Federal Real Estate Board studies rather than as part of this report.

18. I, therefore, recommend:

(a) That the comprehensive plan outlined in the report of the division engineer, with modifications as outlined herein and in the report of the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, be approved as the basis for long-range devolopment of the Columbia River Basin.

(b) That the following be authorized for early construction by the Corps of Engineers: (1) The main control plan (table A of the accompanying report of the board) less the Glacier View and Hells Canyon projects and the modifications to Grand Coulee and Hungry Horse Dams; (2) the Willamette and other sub-basin plans (tables B and C of the board's report); (3) an engineering

laboratory (par. 45 (2) of the board's report); all at an estimated cost for maintenance, generally in accordance with the plans outlined in the report of the division engineer and with such modifications as the Chief of Engineers may find advisable.

(c) That, as a condition to the construction of each levee, channel improvement, or channel recti ication project for flood control included in recommendation (b) above, responsible local interests give assurances satisfactory to the Secretary of the Army that they will: (1) Meet the conditions prescribed in the report of the division engineer to satisfy special circumstances at certain localities; (2) provide without cost to the United States all lands, easements, and rights-of-way when and as required; (3) make all necessary highway, highway bridge, and utility alterations; (4) hold and save the United States free from all damages due to the construction works; (5) prevent any future encroachment on the project channels; (6) maintain and operate the improvements after completion in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Army.

(d) That, as a condition to the construction of open-river navigation work and each harbor improvement included in recommendation (b) above, responsible local interests give assurances satisfactory to the Secretary of the Army that they will: (1) Meet the conditions prescribed in the report of the division engineer to satisfy special circumstances at certain localities; (2) provide without cost to the United States all lands, easements, and rights-of-way and spoildisposal areas necessary for the construction and maintenance of the projects when and as required; (3) construct, maintain, and operate adequate terminal facilities open to all on equal terms at the recommended harbor projects; (4) hold and save the United States free from all damages due to construction.

(e) That authority be provided to the Bureau of Reclamation for modification of Grand Coulee and Hungry Horse Dams and for construction of Hell's Canyon Dam, and for their operation for flood control in conjunction with the main control plan projects as contemplated in the report of the division engineer.

(f) That Congress give favorable consideration to the related programs consisting of: The 13 irrigation projects recommended by the Secretary of the Interior in his letter of June 3, 1948, to the President; the necessary expansion of the transmission system of the Department of the Interior; programs for watershed treatment and agricultural and forestry conservation and development by the Department of Agriculture; and the lower Columbia River Fisheries plan of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

(g) That this report with illustrations and appendixes be reproduced as a public document to facilitate utilization of the data and plans by all concerned in the long-range development of the Columbia River Basin.

LEWIS A. PICK, Major General, Chief of Engineers.

Now, are there any questions, gentlemen?

The CHAIRMAN. Governor, we are glad to have had your statement. You represent a wonderful State and I believe you are one of those Governors who can be reelected once in a while.

Mr. LANGLIE. Not always, sir; we have our problems in that respect. [Laughter.]

Mr. MACK. You are well acquainted, Governor, with the opinions and views of the people of Washington. Do you know of any opposition to these projects from the private power companies or business interests or chambers of commerce, or manufacturers?

Mr. LANGLIE. I am not aware of a single voice of opposition in the State to the development of the river along the lines that have been set up by these projects.

Mr. MACK. You think the sentiment is in favor of this development? Mr. LANGLIE. As far as I can find, it is unanimous.

Mr. MACK. One more question. With reference to the cost-benefit ratio, the costs are more or less stable, or may even decline. Is it your opinion that the benefits from these projects will increase compared

to cost due to the growth in population and due to new industry moving into the area?

Mr. LANGLIE. There are a number of factors, of course, that make it imperative that things be done now. First, the population increase is one factor. The State of Washington alone has been increasing at the rate of 100,000 people a year; but in addition to that, as you know, the Columbia River flood last year did millions upon millions worth of damage and the erosion of rich soil in that entire Columbia Basin is terrific. That erosion can only be curbed by a proper flood-control method.

There, of course, is the transportation utilization of that river for that purpose. And the power shortage is terrific. The question was asked as to how much. I do not know who can answer that because we are turning down pay rolls in the State of Washington, and I am sure in the State of Oregon, every week because we just cannot supply the power. We will experience every winter from now on, until additional facilities are provided-and when I say additional facilities, I mean tremendous increases-we will experience shortages that will involve our actually closing down manufacturing plants during the winter months because we have inadequate power supply. We are even thinking in this State, where we have all this hydroelectric potential, of now building steam generating plants to tide us over.

Mr. JONES. Governor, I suggest that you build those steam generating plants first because we have experienced difficulty in getting them after we built the project of the Tennessee Valley Authority.

Mr. LANGLIE. As a matter of fact, we are of the opinion that steam generating plants should be built right along with these to help take off some of the peaks, and that they are profitable, particularly since we have great coal reserves in our State.

Mr. ANGELL. Governor, is it not a fact that a number of pot lines in aluminum plants have been shut down by reason of lack of electric power?

Mr. LANGLIE. That is right.

Mr. MACK. On behalf of myself, before the Governor leaves the stand and I think the Governors of the two States will concur, I would like to invite and urge that the chairman of the committee and the other members of the committee-and possibly those of the Senate Committee on Public Works, to visit the Pacific Northwest during the recess of Congress this summer, if there is a recess, and inspect these many and varied projects because of their great interest not only to the Pacific Northwest, but to the Nation as a whole.

The CHAIRMAN. When you complete your arrangements about financing the trip, let me know.

Mr. ANGELL. It is true also, is it not, Mr. Langlie, that in your State is located the great Hanford plant which uses a great deal of hydroelectric power?

Mr. LANGLIE. That is right.

Mr. ANGELL. And that this proposed plant in Idaho for the same purpose will require a hydro power from this area?

Mr. LANGLIE. As a matter of fact, the defense and military activities in our States is one of the reasons why we are being drained of power that would normally go into other purposes.

Mr. ANGELL. True. It is also true, is it not, that all of the power generated at Bonneville, at least an equal amount, is used in the aluminum plants?

Mr. LANGLIE. Well, I cannot give you the figures on that, Mr. Angell. I know they take a tremendous amount of it. We are very happy that the Bonneville plant is there to supplement our shortages in other areas; but just what the percentage is, I don't know.

The CHAIRMAN. We are glad to have had your statement, Governor. Mr. LARCADE. Governor, I cannot let this opportunity pass, since I come from Louisiana, a State where rivers from 32 States and two Provinces in Canada dump all their water down the Mississippi Valley and which have to pass through the State of Louisiana to the Gulf. I cannot fail to make the observation that I am in sympathy, and the people of my section of the country are very sympathetic to your problems. Our two sections are both similar in the problems that are being presented here today, and I think our Federal Government has a great obligation to give the necessary attention to provide the necessary protection for the development of these two great areas.

Mr. LANGLIE. Thank you, sir.

I might add that we are not ungrateful for what the Federal Government has done our way this far to help us out. We only recognize, however, that we have taken the first step and unless we follow through, we are going to be in very bad shape with what we have.

The CHAIRMAN. It could not help but occur to me that when this $3,000,000,000 program is completed out in the Northwest, there will be another Garden of Eden.

We are glad to have had your statement.

At this time, with respect to the Albeni Falls project, I have a telegram that I believe should be inserted in the record, and with your permission, to save time, I will ask the clerk to read it and insert it in the hearings at this time.

(The telegram referred to, read by the clerk, is as follows:)

Hon. WILLIAM M. WHITTINGTON,

TACOMA, WASH., April 22, 1949.

Chairman, Public Works Committee, House of Representatives,
Washington, D. C.:

Undersigned members of Pacific Northwest Utilities Conference Committee respectfully urge promt authorization and construction of Albeni Falls Dam on Pend Oreille River because of significant contribution it can make toward meeting region's serious power supply program. The additional water storage it will provide above Grand Coulee is most urgently needed to firm up Coulee generators during low-flow season. The fact that Albeni Falls Dam can be built at low investment cost in relatively short time, with useful storage available as early as 1952, makes it of great strategic importance in the coordinated effort to minimize duration and adverse effects of present critical power situation. Including related benefits, Albeni Falls project will add 175,000 kilowatts of continuous power to area supply and its earliest possible construction is definitely in the over-all public interest.

Washington Water Power Co.; Pacific Power & Light Co.: Port-
land General Electric Co.; Puget Sound Power & Light Co.;
Seattle City Light; Mountain States Power Co.; Tacoma City
Light Northwest Public Power Association; C. A. Erdahl,
Chairman, 402 City Hall, Tacoma, Wash.

The CHAIRMAN. Have we any other governors here?

Mr. HORAN. No, sir; not in person, but we have two representatives from the Governors of the States of Idaho and Montana.

If the committee would permit, I would like to introduce Congressman John Sanborn, of Idaho, who has a statement to present on behalf of himself and on behalf of the Honorable C. A. Robins, Governor of Idaho.

I might add, Mr. Chairman, that the State of Idaho lies wholly within the drainage area of the Columbia River.

(The statement presented by Mr. Sanborn is as follows:)

STATEMENT OF REPRESENTATIVES JOHN SANBORN OF IDAHO FOR HIMSELF AND HON. C. A. ROBINS, GOVERNOR, IDAHO, MAY 20, 1949

Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, I am appearing in behalf of the people of Idaho and the Honorable C. A. Robins, Governor of Idaho, in support of the program advocated by the Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation for the development of the natural resources, and particularly the water resources, of the Columbia River and its tributaries within the United States. Governor Robins was unable to attend these hearings and requested that I represent him in making this statement.

There is an immediate and urgent need for the development of these resources at a rate that will meet the requirements of our rapidly increasing population. The Corps of Engineers is to be commended for the splendid and comprehensive coverage embodied within the report they have presented to the President. The main control plan proposed in the report will provide much-needed flood protection to those areas where the situation is now critical; it will provide hydroelectric power where the power shortage is now acute, particularly in the western part of the region; it will provide navigation benefits which are important, and it recommends for authoriaztion those reclamation projects previously recommended by the Bureau of Reclamation.

With a view of strengthening the report we suggest that greater emphasis be given irrigation and reclamation, in view of the great potential, as well as the needs of the region.

Irrigation and reclamation are of the utmost importance. In fact, the economy of all the upper Columbia Basin States is based primarily upon agriculture and stock raising. The irrigated economy of these States depends largely upon the consumptive use of water to make arid lands suitable for agriculture. But, while irrigation and agriculture are absolutely essential to the economy of the upperbasin States, we also feel that we cannot have a balanced economy within the entire region without adequate agriculture production. Low-cost food and fiber produced within the region will stimulate industry and be a direct benefit to the entire citizenry. Therefore, in order that agricultural production may keep pace with our growing population, we must develop our reclamation projects concurrently and along with our other water-resource development.

Agriculture is the leading industry in Idaho, and this has only become possible as a result of the development of the land under irrigation. The Snake River, which is a tributary of the Columbia River, is a river of gold to Idaho. From this river water is taken to irrigate more than a million acres of land, which produce hundreds of millions of dollars of agricultural produce. Water for irrigation purposes has prior rights in Idaho. The greater future development of Idaho lies in the undeveloped lands yet to be irrigated. Retention of the water of the Snake River for use in this development is of the first importance to Idahoans.

Reclamation by diking and drainage referred to in the report of the Corps of Engineers is also considered important and should be included in any reclamation development program for the region.

We urge that immediate studies, surveys, and investigations be initiated of all the projects now considered irrigable within the region, and that these projects he reported upon at an early date and be recommended for authorization as they are proven feasible, in order that full development of all the irrigation and reclamation projects of the region may be constructed concurrently and pro rata with the projects of the review report's main control plan and commensurate with the requirements of the region.

With especial reference to Idaho's needs, we feel that construction of the Scriver Creek and Garden Valley units of the Mountain Home project listed in the Hell's Canyon and Columbia Basin reports of the United States Bureau of Reclamation, should precede construction of the proposed Hell's Canyon project because the

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