fifty pages; still, as I have just said, the work is second only to one in value. It is rich in solid material, and is marked throughout by the clearness, good sense, and sound philosophy of its distinguished author.

A Report, founded on the Cases of Typhoid Fever, or the Common Continued Fever of New England, which occurred in the Massachusetts General Hospital, from the opening of that Institution in September, 1821, to the end of 1835. By James Jackson, M. D., pp. 93, 1838. There is no need of my speaking at any length of this Report; the preceding pages bear ample and conclusive evidence of the richness and value of its materials. It consists mostly of a careful and accurate numerical analysis of three hundred and three cases of typhoid fever treated in the Massachusetts General Hospital. It is altogether the most important contribution which has been made to the history of the continued fever of New England, and it is in every way worthy its distinguished author, the elder Louis of the New World.

Remarks on the Pathology of the Typhoid Fever of New England; as exhibited in its Physical Signs and its Anatomical Appearances. By Enoch Hale, M. D., 1839, pp. 68. This paper, like the Report of Dr. Jackson, is published amongst the communications of the Massachusetts Medical Society. It is a very excellent and sensible paper; and it is particularly valuable for its minute and careful description of some of the more characteristic physical signs of typhoid fever-such as the meteorism, and the rose spots; and of the intestinal lesions; and further, for its full and clear statement of the differences between typhoid and typhus fever.

Traité de l'Entérite Folliculeuse-Fièvre Typhoide. Par C. P. Forget. Paris, 1841, pp. 846. This is a work of very large promise, and of very moderate performance. It is a full and systematic monograph of more than eight hundred solid pages, in which the author has contrived neither to give us a compact and clear summary of the researches of others, nor to add any important knowledge of his own. As Sir James Mackintosh said on another occasion, it is one of the most unnecessary books in the world. One of its leading objects is to vindicate the strictly local and inflammatory nature of typhoid fever, and the consequent rational antiphlogistic

treatment.

On the Identity or Non-Identity of Typhoid and Typhus Fevers. By William Jenner, M. D. London, 1850, pp. 102.

On the Identity or Non-Identity of the Specific Cause of Typhoid,

Typhus, and Relapsing Fever. By William Jenner, M. D. London, 1850, pp. 20.

Typhus Fever, Typhoid Fever, Relapsing Fever, and Febricula; the diseases commonly confounded under the term Continued Fever. Illus trated by Cases collected at the bedside. By William Jenner, M. D. London Medical Times, 1850.

I have already alluded to these publications, and expressed my opinion of their value. It is not necessary that I should give any detailed account or analysis of them here. The more important portions of their contents are introduced into the present edition. Dr. Jenner is Professor of Pathological Anatomy in University College, London; his observations were made in the London Fever Hospital; and that these observations were extensive, thorough, careful, conscientious, and complete, no one who reads the record of them will for moment doubt.

[Clinical Reports on Continued Fever, based on Analyses of one hundred and sixty-four Cases, &c. By Austin Flint, M. D., Buffalo, 1852, pp. 390. Also Résumé de Recherches Cliniques sur la Fièvre Continué, &c. Par Austin Flint, M. D. Paris, 1854, pp. 112. The cases here reported are partly the typhoid fever brought to Buffalo by German immigrants, and partly the typhus brought there by the Irish immigration of 1847, and afterwards. Dr. Flint recognizes the distinction between these forms of disease, and treats them under separate heads. The Reports are drawn up under the guidance of a sound judgment, and the true medical philosophy. They are frequently quoted in the first and second parts of the present edition of this work.

Statistique et Traitement du Typhus et de la Fire Typhoüle, &c. Par Magnus Huss, M. D. Paris, 1855, pp. 240. This book is valuable as showing the character of the fever which prevails in Sweden. The author lives at Stockholm. Attached to the Seraphim Hospital, he has given a general account of a larger number of cases (3,186) than has before been collected in a single volume, and at the same time he has furnished an analysis of two hundred and fifty of these cases. The author recognizes the common distinction between typhus and typhoid fever, but is so fully persuaded that they are substantially the same disease that he generalizes from the two without discrimination. Those holding the doctrine of this book will feel that this is a material fault, and will deprive the treatise of a portion of the influence to which the large collection. of cases would otherwise entitle it.]

PART II.

TYPHUS FEVER.

CHAPTER I.

PRELIMINARY MATTERS.

ARTICLE I.

INTRODUCTORY.

I NOw proceed to the description of Typhus Fever. The natural history which I shall be able to give of this disease will be somewhat less complete than that which I have already given of typhoid fever. The reason of this is twofold: in the first place, I have seen much less of the disease myself; and in the second place, but few entire and elaborate histories of the disease have been published. We have many excellent general descriptions of it, especially as it has shown itself in certain localities, and during certain epidemic periods; but we have had no thorough and detailed histories of its symptomatology and lesions; like those which Louis, Chomel, and others have furnished us of typhoid fever. To these remarks it may be added that the diagnosis of typhus fever, by most of the observers upon whose records we must depend for our materials, is much less accurate and positive than that of typhoid fever is, as this disease shows itself in New England, and in France. Typhus fever is more frequently confounded and mixed up with other diseases, by its best historians, than typhoid fever is; and in this way, another element of incompleteness and confusion is introduced into its history. The foregoing remarks, contained in my second edition, need some qualification in consequence of the recent appearance of the papers of Dr. Jenner.

The materials for the following description will be derived mostly from British physicians, and from Dr. Gerhard, of Philadelphia.